高精度机载可见光图像定位方法

针对现有技术不能解决机载可见光图像快速自动定位的问题，提出了一种定位精度高、处理速度快、可扩展性好的机载可见光图像定位方法。该方法以传感器共线成像模型为中心，将实时图像和传感器成像参数送入共线模型进行正射校正，校正后的图像与相应的基准图像进行图像配准，使用配准同名点信息更新传感器成像参数，最后再次通过共线模型获取实时图地理坐标定位信息。这种通过图像配准再计算成像模型的间接定位方法，不仅减少了计算量，而且使自动配准算法稳定，较传统的直接定位方法或图像配准方法有突出的优势。此外，该方法具有严格的误差传递计算公式，能计算定位结果的误差。仿真实验表明即使在大倾斜角条件下，该方法也能获得优于100 m的定位精度。     

An operational approach to integrated working capital planning

Working capital management involves the balancing of activities from three functional areas that are generally considered to be somewhat separable—marketing, production, and finance. Proper integration of the various parts of the working capital process requires simultaneous consideration of both cross-sectional interrelationships among the functional activities and intertemporal dynamics of the linkages between elements of the problem that are either out of phase with each other or have differing short-and long-run ramifications. This suggests that a formal modeling approach can be advantageously employed. Two modeling methodologies, simulation and optimization, are usually offered as mutually exclusive alternatives for this application, but both have serious shortcomings when used in this kind of planning context. In real-world applications, simulation trends to be employed for more often than optimization because model comprehensibility and computational feasibility difficulties have severely restricted the ability of optimization models to address large, complex, but realistic problems. However, many of the shortcomings of optimization approaches are caused by technical problems, while simulation models suffer from several conceptual inadequacies. In this article we describe an optimization modeling procedure that is capable of eliminating many of the technical difficulties and suggest how it can be employed alongside a simulation model in such a way that the two approaches are mutually reinforcing and overcome most of the conceptual problems associated with either technique when used alone.     

小波分析在多传感器多目标跟踪的航迹相关算法中的应用

在多传感器多目标融合跟踪系统中,航迹关联是对目标进行连续跟踪最重要的关键技术。在融合中心,对多传感器获得的目标航迹数据进行航迹关联处理,判断哪些航迹数据源于同一个目标。利用小波分析的方法提取航迹信号的趋势项信息,再结合传统的航迹关联处理方法对这些趋势信号进行关联判决。仿真实验表明这种方法是可行的。     

The relative advantages of benefit overlap versus category similarity in brand extension evaluation: The moderating role of self-regulatory focus

The literature has identified factors that determine the favorable evaluation of a new brand extension, such as sharing a common product category or providing similar core benefits as the parent brand. However, there has been little research on which of these factors has a greater impact on consumer evaluation. This study explores how self-regulatory focus moderates the relative impacts of benefit overlap (i.e., the consistency of core benefits provided by extensions) versus product category similarity (i.e., the similarity among product categories that include the extensions) on brand extension evaluations. The results of an experiment support the prediction that benefit overlap extensions have greater significance for promotion-focused consumers, whereas category similarity extensions are favored by prevention-focused consumers.     

Institutional lending to knowledge-based businesses

Knowledge-based businesses (KBBs) are vital to economic development and revitalization in many regions, especially in areas that have experienced a decline in traditional industries. While much attention has been devoted to various aspects of traditional small firm financing, there is a paucity of empirical research to explain how new knowledge-based firms are externally financed. The current study researches institutional strategies, structures and risk assessment practices of chartered banks and government agencies in a peripheral region of Canada. It examines the extent to which these institutions have modified traditional lending approaches and practices to meet the needs of knowledge-based firms. The study explores the existence of institutional lending cultures through an empirical investigation of risk assessment practices employed by account managers.Two business proposals, one for a knowledge-based firm and one for a more traditional firm, were presented to account managers in chartered banks and government agencies for initial review and subsequent due diligence and risk assessment. Verbal protocols and interview data obtained at three stages of the due diligence process were analyzed using standard multivariate techniques and consensus analysis (CA). CA, a tool developed to measure cultural agreement in cognitive anthropology, was employed to assess the level of agreement among lenders with respect to risk assessment.Overall, the study findings confirm that specialized strategies, structures and processes for lending to KBBs are only partially developed, are still evolving and are considerably diverse in both the banking and government sectors. Furthermore, the level of agreement among lenders develops during the course of the due diligence process. Results confirm consensus and the existence of a lending culture sensitive to the needs of KBBs among a select but important subgroup, knowledge-based lending specialists. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for researchers, entrepreneurs in search of capital and policy makers seeking to develop new business opportunities for regional economic development.     

Zielsetzungen und Instrumentarien der europäischen Verbraucherrechtspolitik: Eine Analyse von Entwicklungen im Bereich des Zivilrechts

Objectives and instruments of European consumer policy: An analysis of developments in the area of civil law. The paper discusses the relationships and conflicts between the objectives pursued by European consumer policy and the means which are at its disposal. As a first step, the theoretical assumptions of this policy are analysed by an evaluation of the EC Programme for a Consumer Protection and Information Policy of 1975 and of the draft directives on product liability, on misleading and unfair competition, on doorstep sales, and on correspondence courses. It is suggested that the European approach toward consumer protection largely corresponds to the policies prevailing at the national level: Consumer protection is seen as a supplement to the traditional market and competition policy which used to be restricted to regulating competition between producers or suppliers of goods and services, whereas the new policy focuses on the relations between producers and consumers. Nevertheless, consumer policy adheres to the basic presumptions of market economy. It presupposes that the demands of the consumer have to be articulated and satisfied via market processes. It therefore primarily relies on regulations directed against misleading advertising, on protecting justified expectations as to the quality of goods or services by providing redress for losses sustained, and by endeavours aimed at securing a more rational behaviour of the individual consumer. The most important means to promote this policy on the European level are the directives which aim at consonance among national laws (Art. 100 EC Treaty). This is indicative of a market orientation of consumer policy in so far as the harmonization of law is seen as a device for overcoming discriminating effects or distortions of competition created by the differences among national laws thereby furthering a better functioning of the Common Market (Art. 3 h EC Treaty). This accordance of consumer policy and harmonization policy does not rest on firm ground, however. In consumer policy it becomes more and more obvious that the efforts to protect the interests of the consumer lead to further interventionist activities. This process also reveals the need for systematic adjustments or consultations between consumer policy and other fields of politics. A harmonization policy which is primarily centered on breaking down trade barriers and on overcoming discriminating effects of competition cannot respond to the needs and problems of such interventionist activities. Therefore, the harmonization of consumer law should be conceived as a process of formulating broader policies directed at a congruous development of the economic sphere and at an improvement of the living conditions in the Common Market (cf. Art. 2 and the preamble of the EC Treaty). Legal techniques which might be adopted to support such an orientation are (a) in the EC directives to lay down minimum standards for the national legislation, (b) to use a conflict-of-laws approach which would allow to respect and try to coordinate legitimate interests in the application of national consumer policies, and (c) the development of special rules responding to the international aspects of the exchange between producers and consumers. At present, however, European policy gives hardly any attention to the chances and problems of such an approach requiring a complicated coordination of the various legal techniques.     

Gender Characterizations in Entrepreneurship: A Multi‐Level Investigation of Sex‐Role Stereotypes about High‐Growth,Commercial, and Social Entrepreneurs

The purpose of this study is to cast new light on possible gender biases in implicit theories people hold about various forms of entrepreneurial activity. Using social role theory, we delve into sex‐role stereotypes associated with high‐ and low‐growth entrepreneurship and commercial and social entrepreneurship. Predictions were tested with an experimental design using both a between‐subject design to capture group‐level stereotypes and a within‐subject design to capture individual‐level stereotypes. Findings reveal that commercial and high‐growth entrepreneurs are perceived as more similar to men than to women and higher on agency than communality. Conversely, low‐growth entrepreneurs are perceived as more similar to women than men, and higher on communality than agency. Social entrepreneurs are uniquely perceived as similar to both men and women, though they are also considered higher on agency than communality. Interestingly, female, but not male respondents, perceive some overlap between the feminine gender role and high‐growth and commercial entrepreneurship. Notably, those higher on modern sexism perceive less overlap between entrepreneurship and femininity. Taken together, our results suggest that commercial high‐growth entrepreneurship is most strongly male‐typed, which is likely to be problematic for women (and non‐traditional men) wanting to start growth‐oriented ventures. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

When distinction does not pay off - Investigating the determinants of European agritourism prices

Agritourism aims to deliver a particular kind of travel experience when compared to more mainstream types of hospitality, calling for the development of a specific model to design pricing strategies. This research examines the impact of three groups of factors on price: (i) internal attributes, classified as common or distinctive to other hospitality categories, (ii) external attributes, in terms of natural environment or cultural attractiveness and (iii) reputation, in the form of online and offline ratings.The proposed methodology, which provides a possible solution to collinearity among attributes, is the Shapley Value Regression. The database consists of 1268 agritourism establishments in five European countries. The findings show the relevance of the services that are common to mainstream types of hospitality and of the cultural attractiveness of the area. Managerial and policy implications build on the threat to the exclusivity of agritourism establishments with respect to traditional hotels in rural areas.     

Trade Reform and Poverty: The Case of Mexico

We use a two‐step computationally simple procedure to analyse the effects of Mexico's's potential unilateral tariff liberalisation on real incomes. First, we use the CGE model provided by the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) as the new price generator. Second, we apply the price changes to Mexican household data in order to assess the effects of the policy simulation on poverty and income distribution. Although Mexico widely liberalised most of its imports by the mid 90s, one salient feature is its membership in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and United States. By choosing GTAP as the price generator, we are able to model the differential tariff structure. Even starting with a low level of tariff protection, simulation results show that the impact of tariff reform on welfare will be positive in general for all expenditure deciles. We find that, when we assume non‐homothetic individual preferences, trade liberalisation benefits people in the poorer deciles more than those in the richer ones.     

中国商业银行信用风险度量研究

信用风险是商业银行面临的主要风险,信用风险的度量模型有专家判断法、信用评分法、神经网络分析法以及现代违约概率模型等。通过比较分析LOGIT模型和KMV模型,选取了能够体现公司盈利能力、营运能力、资本结构、偿债能力、成长能力和现金流量的28个指标,运用逐步回归方法建立LOGIT模型,发现该模型能够提前一年较好地预测出公司的违约情况。在分析KMV模型时,通过GARCH-M模型计算出企业股权价值波动率,并运用上市公司数据得出样本公司的股权价值和违约点,从而计算出样本公司的资产价值和资产价值波动率,最后得出KMV模型的判别结果。上述分析表明我国商业银行应以LOGIT模型作为判别模型,以KMV模型作为追踪模型,将LOGIT模型与KMV模型相结合来判断贷款企业的信用风险水平。     

Harmonious Society and Chinese CSR: Is There Really a Link?

In 2005, Chinese President Hu Jintao instituted a “Harmonious Society” policy marking a new China’s approach toward development. This generated intense excitement among observers of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) who perceive an overlap in objectives between CSR and Harmonious Society and believe that Harmonious Society will lead to increased CSR engagement in China. However, there is little exploration of how Harmonious Society will contribute to increasing CSR engagement. This article seeks to explore whether Harmonious Society will meet this promise. It does so by drawing up a list of actions that if taken by the government would increase the level of CSR in China and make Harmonious Society a relevant factor in the development of Chinese CSR. To do so, my article studies comparative literature on CSR development to develop a framework that divides causes of CSR in a country into environmental constraints and discretionary responses. Understanding what drives the development of CSR allows us to understand what measures the Chinese government can take to influence the level of CSR. Using this framework, my article suggests that Harmonious Society is unlikely to promote CSR in China’s growing private sector because policy measures that affect the “constraints” driving CSR are bounded by other political considerations.     

Measuring CSR Image: Three Studies to Develop and to Validate a Reliable Measurement Tool

Although research on the corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimension of corporate image has notably increased in recent years, the definition and measurement of the concept for academic purposes still concern researchers. In this article, literature regarding the measurement of CSR image from a customer viewpoint is revised and areas of improvement are identified. A multistage method is implemented to develop and to validate a reliable scale based on stakeholder theory. Results demonstrate the reliability and validity of this new scale for measuring customer perceptions regarding the CSR performance of their service providers. With regard to this, CSR includes corporate responsibilities towards customers, shareholders, employees and society. The scale is consistent among diverse customer cohorts with different gender, age and level of education. Furthermore, results also confirm the applicability of this new scale to structural equation modelling.     

适用于彩色图像人脸识别的字典学习算法

现有的基于稀疏表示的人脸识别算法在识别前需要将彩色人脸图像转换成灰度人脸图像,这样虽然提高了运算速度,但忽视了不同色彩通道数据本身所包含的信息及它们之间的相关性。为了利用不同通道间相关性,基于标签一致的K奇异值分解（LC-KSVD）字典学习算法,提出了一种适用于彩色图像人脸识别的字典学习算法。该算法将RGB通道数据顺序排列成列向量,并在稀疏编码的环节中,对正交匹配追踪（OMP）算法的内积计算准则进行修正,以此提高字典原子的色彩表达能力。在彩色人脸数据库上进行实验,结果表明：所提出的字典学习算法能够有效地提高识别率。     

Automobile prices and the value of shopping

Consumers shopping for a new car in the U.S.A. or Canada are faced with having to negotiate a ‘good deal’ from the listed ‘sticker’ price. This study investigates the price variations among new car dealerships in 10 major cities. A standardized shopping procedure was used to collect price information based on selected models and options for comparable Chevrolet and Ford automobiles. The findings indicate that consumers clearly benefit from shopping at more than one dealership for a new car.     

Open all hours: spatiotemporal fluctuations in U.K. grocery store sales and catchment area demand

Conventional population estimates do not account for spatiotemporal fluctuations in populations over a diurnal timescale at the level of retail store catchments. This presents challenges for the retail location-based decision making process which seeks to predict sales volumes and their temporal characteristics prior to new store construction. We present a novel analysis of the temporal fluctuations of store sales, evidencing links between the spatiotemporal distribution of specific population subgroups and temporal store sales. Previous research linking spatiotemporal populations and store sales is limited owing to the fact that commercial data are not openly available to academic research. However, this research has unprecedented access to store level temporal sales data and an established loyalty card scheme from a major UK grocery retailer making these analyses possible for the first time. Additionally, we demonstrate that current store classifications were inadequate for grouping stores with similar sales profiles and propose four new clusters of stores based on the times of the day that they generate revenues. This development has clear academic and commercial benefits, aiding our understanding of consumer behaviours and a novel solution for improved location modelling. We lay the foundations for further research building spatiotemporal demand fluctuations into retail location models.     

An efficient approach to quantile capital allocation and sensitivity analysis

In various fields of applications such as capital allocation, sensitivity analysis, and systemic risk evaluation, one often needs to compute or estimate the expectation of a random variable, given that another random variable is equal to its quantile at some prespecified probability level. A primary example of such an application is the Euler capital allocation formula for the quantile (often called the value‐at‐risk), which is of crucial importance in financial risk management. It is well known that classic nonparametric estimation for the above quantile allocation problem has a slower rate of convergence than the standard rate. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to the quantile allocation problem via adjusting the probability level in connection with an expected shortfall. The asymptotic distribution of the proposed nonparametric estimator of the new capital allocation is derived for dependent data under the setup of a mixing sequence. In order to assess the performance of the proposed nonparametric estimator, AR‐GARCH models are proposed to fit each risk variable, and further, a bootstrap method based on residuals is employed to quantify the estimation uncertainty. A simulation study is conducted to examine the finite sample performance of the proposed inference. Finally, the proposed methodology of quantile capital allocation is illustrated for a financial data set.     

Financial consequences of adding bricks to clicks

Many e-commerce retailers are adding “bricks to clicks” – that is, opening an offline channel in addition to their digital sales channel(s). Taking the perspective of such an online pure player, this research assesses the effects of offline channel additions on the financial performance (e.g., sales, profits) and customer behavior (e.g., basket size, return rate) in the extended channel network as well as the initial online channel of the retailer. Across two studies, one at the zip code level and the other at the customer level, we find that the channel addition of a fashion and lifestyle retailer is synergistic in terms of increasing not only overall sales but also profits. At the same time, the new offline channel does not significantly cannibalize the existing online shop, as new customers are attracted through the channel addition. The effects of channel additions, however, are influenced by characteristics of customers gained before the channel addition and of the trade area around the newly opened stores: among existing customers, those who bought more in the online channel do not react as positively to the addition of an offline channel, and trade areas with socioeconomic characteristics that are often viewed as disadvantageous for digital retailing (e.g., an older population, lower average income) show a stronger positive sales effect of a brick-and-mortar addition. The attractiveness of the offline channel for these customer segments highlights that adding bricks to clicks might be most attractive for those customers who were previously unwilling to purchase from an online-only retailer.     

The impact of telephone notification strategies on response to an industrial mail survey

The mail questionnaire is a popular method of gathering data among marketing academics. However, response rates from industrial populations are often low. A number of alternative strategies designed to enhance response from industrialists are evaluated. The results show that satisfactory response rates can be achieved by the integration of telephone and mail contacts within a survey design without loss of response quality nor distortion of sample composition.     

新农村建设背景下黑龙江农民法律意识问题研究

黑龙江省作为农业大省,进行新农村建设对实现黑龙江省的经济健康发展具有重要的意义。通过对社会主义新农村建设过程中黑龙江省农民法律意识的调查,发现黑龙江农民法律意识淡薄的原因,主要在于农民法律知识缺乏,农民权利与义务意识较差,存在畏法厌讼心理,基层法律机构不健全等方面。黑龙江省应通过为农民提供法律援助,加强对农民法律意识的宣传,完善与农业和农村密切相关的法律制度,加强基层执法工作,改革司法程序等措施来提高农民的法律意识。旨在为黑龙江省社会主义新农村建设过程中,创建法治的环境,提高经济发展水平。