More Than Socially Embedded: The Distinctive Character of 'Communal Tenure' Regimes in South Africa and its Implications for Land Policy

This article analyzes debates over tenure reform policy in post-apartheid South Africa, with a particular focus on the controversial Communal Land Rights Act of 2004. Land tenure systems in the 'communal areas' of South Africa are described as dynamic and evolving regimes within which a number of important commonalities and continuities over time are observable. Key underlying principles of pre-colonial land relations are identified, which informed the adaptation and modification of tenure regimes in the colonial era and under policies of segregation and apartheid, and continue to do so today. Exploring the policy implications of this analysis, the article suggests that alternative approaches to that embodied in the Communal Land Rights Act are required. The most appropriate approach is to make socially legitimate occupation and use rights, as they are currently held and practised, the point of departure for both their recognition in law and for the design of institutional frameworks for administering land.     

The Politics of Land Reform: Tenure and Political Authority in Rural Kwazulu-Natal

When South Africa's land reform programme finally reached rural Umbumbulu, a potential for conflict over land emerged unexpectedly. Strategically located near a major urban centre, residents of this region have long relied on wages and social welfare grants. Land was valued primarily for residential security and as a symbolic representation of community membership, rather than for productive purposes. This emphasis on community membership, however, created the potential for conflict when a local chief challenged a civil society group over their authority to claim land. With the government's continued hesitancy to challenge the authority of chiefs, land reform provided an opportunity for local chiefs to reinforce their position and potentially to expand the amount of land under their jurisdiction. This agenda conflicted both with the government's interest in developing commercial agriculture and local residents' desire for rural land as security in the context of high levels of unemployment.     

社会资本对中国农村共用土地资源治理的影响研究

研究目的:考察社会资本是否影响成员在共用土地资源治理集体行动中的参与积极性。研究方法:文献研究法,经济计量模型法。研究结果:社会资本变量中成员关系网络的质量和社区非正式规范水平两变量影响着成员在集体行动中的表现。成员的网络规模和关系强度以及成员社团活动参与影响了成员对社区非正式规范的评价,间接地影响了成员的行为选择。研究结论:无论是结构性社会资本还是认知性社会资本都会在不同程度上影响成员在农村共用土地资源治理集体行动中的参与积极性,因而应着力培育和构建农村社会资本。     

土地资源、土地资产和土地资本三个范畴的探讨

近年来,在土地经济学中,土地资源、土地资产、土地资本三个词被频繁使用,究竟这易替代、易混用的三者之间有着怎样的区别与联系,它们之间又是如何转化的呢?现从资源、资产和资本的概念出发,分别探讨土地资源、土地资产和土地资本的内涵,可以看出三者之间的区别,并进一步分析出三者之间的联系,最后指出了三者之间的转化机制。     

Land Reform, Rural Social Relations and the Peasantry

A new book, Promised Land: Competing Visions of Agrarian Reform , edited by Peter Rosset, Raj Patel and Michael Courville is considered. This book, via both general analytical treatment and a series of case studies set in Latin America, Asia and Africa, offers a powerful critique of the World Bank's market-led agrarian reform (MLAR) and provides an alternative model of agrarian reform, the 'food sovereignty movement', that has been articulated by La Via Campesina. Food sovereignty requires that priority be allocated to the domestic production of food and that a right to land be given to small farmers and their families. It is a vision of agrarian reform, with an emphasis on smallholder farming and the transformative power of rural social movements, that has truly emerged 'from below'. The critique of MLAR is compelling. It is argued in this essay, however, that two crucial questions are abstracted from. The first is that of the vastly differing sets of social relations that exist (compare, say, socialist Cuba and capitalist Brazil) and their implications. It is not clear that food sovereignty can, in effect, offer a coherent political economy of an alternative global agrarianism. The second relates to the implicit assumption, found throughout the book, that the peasantry is a homogeneous, undifferentiated social group. This is manifestly not so, and what the existence of socially differentiated peasantries implies requires careful examination.     

社会资本及其在自然资源管理中的作用

围绕社会资本三要素范式对社会资本在社区自然资源管理中所起的作用进行分析研究得出:社会资本是一个多维度且仍处于发展中的概念;社会资本在社区自然资源管理中起重要作用,但这与社区内部如何整合、利用当地社会资本密切相关。做到有效释放社会资本潜力需要长期的磨合;衡量社会资本可以通过不同的切入点以及不同的数据处理方法,但不同的切入点代表社会资本的不同含义,需要在研究中加以说明。     

中国农村土地调整的时序变化及地区差异——基于1999—2010年17省调查的实证分析

研究目的:基于1999—2010年中国17省农村土地调查数据,分析中国农村的土地调整、农户的调地意愿及其对未来地权稳定性的预期和信心。研究方法:描述分析,列联分析。研究结果:(1)二轮承包后,实际土地调整明显减少,近期则由于征地和土地整理等原因导致土地调整开始增多。(2)支持不得调整土地政策的农户比例显著高于反对的比例,土地承包合同和土地承包经营权证书等正式文件的发放有助于增强农户未来地权稳定性的信心。(3)土地调整的省市差异显著,而且平原地区调地多,丘陵和山区调地少。研究结论:中央政策对稳定农户地权稳定性的信心发挥了积极作用,并得到多数农民的拥护和支持;中央政策应进一步考虑不同地区资源禀赋和经济发展水平的差异,具有一定的弹性和灵活性。     

农村土地纠纷的社会基础及其治理思路

研究目的:探究农村土地纠纷大量产生的社会基础及其治理思路。研究方法:文献资料法、实地调查法、资料综合分析法。研究结果:当前农村土地纠纷大量产生有其深刻的社会背景和基础.包括政治的、经济的、观念的、行为的、制度的和体制的,只要这些基础和条件存在,农村土地纠纷就会源源不断地产生。因此,解决农村土地纠纷远非事后救济以及救济方式的选择那么简单,而需要深化改革,逐步消解体制性矛盾;完善法律,合理界定利益边界;正视现实,实现制度兼容;尊崇法治,理性选择纠纷解决机制。研究结论:构建解决农村土地纠纷的长效机制应致力于消解纠纷产生的社会基础。     

Agricultural Land, Gender and Kinship in Rural China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Two Villages

This study examines the impact of current land policies in China and Vietnam on women's entitlement to land, women's wellbeing and gender power relations. The ethnographic study of one village in each of the two countries contextualizes women's lives in the kinship and marriage system in which power and gender relations are embedded. Current land policies, when implemented in the existing kinship and marriage system, make women's entitlement to land more vulnerable than men's, limit women's choices and weaken their power position. Variations in kinship rules in the two countries lead to different outcomes. In the Chinese village the dominance of patrilocal marriage and exogamous marriages limits women's access to land, whereas in the Vietnamese village the rigid concentration of inheritance to males puts women in a difficult position. The comparison between communities of rural China and Vietnam reveals the importance of considering gender and kinship when studying the implementation and impact of land policies.     

农村社会资本的特性、变化及其对农村非正规金融运行的影响

本文从社会资本微观、中观和宏观三个层面分析了我国农村社会资本的现状及其在农村非正规金融运行中的作用,农村社会资本的变化及其对农村非正规金融运行的影响。     

Rural Population Growth, 1950–1990: The Roles of Human Capital, Industry Structure, and Government Policy

Human capital raises rural incomes, but this effect is swamped by higher returns to human capital in urban markets. This leads to "brain drain" from rural areas. Populations grow more rapidly in rural counties that have a diversified employment base. Farm population grows faster (or declines more slowly) in counties with relatively high farm income, and nonfarm populations grow faster in counties with relatively high nonfarm income. However, higher farm incomes lead to slower nonfarm population growth and vice versa. Rural county government services financed by local taxes or debt have neutral or negative effects on population growth.     

土地利用总体规划实施的社会影响度研究——以江西省广丰县为例

研究目的:分析和评价江西省广丰县现行土地利用总体规划实施9年来的认知度、参与度、满意度等社会影响度。研究方法:问卷法调查。研究结果:不同群体、不同文化程度公众的认知度及获取规划信息渠道有所不同;现行土地利用总体规划的社会参与成份已经有了很大进步,但只是事后的、被动的参与;公众对广丰县现行土地利用总体规划基本满意度达89.9%。研究结论:针对影响土地利用总体规划社会影响度的因素,采取相关措施,以维护土地利用总体规划的权威。     

我国农村土地流转问题及对策——以重庆市合川区为例

土地流转是我国改革开放以来农村土地改革的一大难题。通过对重庆市合川区农村土地流转问题的问卷调查,从中发现农村土地流转方式主要以出租为主,其中大部分农民都会选择中短期转让,并且土地转让后土地出现多元化使用,也适当的增加了农民的收入。研究探讨出土地流转过程中存在的主要问题,发现目前农村土地流转过程中正规化程度不高,规模化转让偏低,相关的服务与福利也不够完善等问题,并在已有问题的基础上给出了相应的对策建议,强调了政府在这一转让过程中所要发挥的重要作用和对相应政策的改进与大力宣传。     

基于系统动力学方法的新型城镇化进程中农村土地流转的社会风险识别

从系统的角度来看,处于农村土地流转这个复杂系统中的各种风险因素相互联系、相互作用并处在动态变化中。基于系统论的思想,对新型城镇化进程中农村土地流转的社会风险因素进行分析;针对农村土地流转系统的复杂结构和动态行为特性,以系统动力学理论为基础建立了农村土地流转中社会风险识别反馈模型,并运用原因树识别出引起各目标风险的关键风险因素。通过分析,可以帮助准确地辨识土地流转中关键的社会风险因素,以期为土地流转过程中社会风险管理质量的提高与风险管理理论的丰富提供支持。     

黄河流域自然资本存量与流量结构特征——以山东省流域为例

根据能值理论计算了山东省黄河流域各地市的产量因子、生态足迹的深度与广度及结构份额,以此来度量和研究黄河流域产粮区自然资本存量和流量及其结构的时空特征。结果表明,绝大部分地区资本存量利用程度越来越大、资本流量越来越小;在资本存量消耗中草地和水域引起的比重高达95.12%;资本流量利用中,耕地所占份额在减小报告期为68.67%;建设用地比重在增加,报告期平均达26.03%,个别地区高达38.47%。近8年个别地区耕地的份额减少了12个百分点、建设用地增加了6个百分点。可见,城市化进程加快导致的建设用地规模的扩张不断地侵占着耕地的份额、侵蚀着区域粮食安全的基础。政府部门应加大对商品粮产区的资本存量尤其是草地和水资源的保护,激励充分开发和合理利用资本流量、调整利用结构,遏制建设用地继续侵占耕地在资本流量中的份额,从土地生产力上实现"占补平衡",激励农业生产大户依靠技术进步提高生物产出水平,保障国家粮食安全。     

Stories of Rural Accumulation in Africa: Trajectories and Transitions among Rural Capitalists in Senegal

This paper analyzes primary qualitative evidence from life histories of rural capitalists in contemporary Senegal. Various common themes in the declining literature on rural capitalism in Africa are discussed with reference to the specific individual trajectories of rural farm capitalists in Senegal. The themes include the emergence of rural capitalism in the context of protracted, uneven and gradual rural social differentiation and the various processes that have accompanied it; the condition of 'entrepreneurship' in such changing historical contexts; the symbiotic relationship between different spaces (loci) of accumulation, especially trade, transport and farming and the historical context in which they take place; the crucial but sometimes contradictory role of the state in spurring or constraining rural capitalist accumulation; and the variety of 'idioms of accumulation', which reflect transitions and synthesis between non-capitalist and capitalist forms of labour surplus appropriation at the level of individual capitalists, despite some uniformity in the general logic of capital and the spread of capitalist relations of production and exchange. The paper also discusses the methodological power and limitations of oral narratives as a method to gather evidence on long-term processes of agrarian change and accumulation in rural Africa. Finally, the life histories shed some light on the origins of rural capitalists and show that there is a combination of instances of 'capitalism from above' and 'from below' but that no dominant pattern can be clearly discerned at least in the space of one or two generations.     

Land distribution and acquisition practices in Ghana's cocoa frontier: The impact of a state-regulated marketing system

Substantial differences in the size of landholdings among cocoa farmers in the Western Region – the last cocoa “frontier” in Ghana – are primarily a result of inheritance practices and the purchase of vast tracts of land by migrants in the initial period of the cocoa boom. Individual accumulation of land over the last decade has mainly taken place via inheritance (among indigenous farmers) without takeovers of land and dispossession of small-scale farmers outside the extended family. Land accumulation among migrant farmers is rare beyond the initial acquisition. Large-scale farmers transfer surplus from their higher volume of cocoa production into investments in non-farm activities and construction of new residential houses—and not in land acquisition based on market transactions. State regulation of the cocoa sector has spurred increased efficiency among private cocoa purchasing companies and thereby reduced the marginalization of farmers with small landholdings by preserving their access to a vital source of income. The unique character of the Ghanaian purchasing system is a major factor behind the relatively stable proportion in the access and control of land for cocoa between extended families.     

基于农地流转市场分析的区域土地利用变化研究--以上海市、南京市、泰州市农户调查为例

研究目的:基于农地流转的市场分析探讨区域土地利用变化的微观机理.研究方法:农户调查法和模型模拟法.研究结果:农地流转的驱动因子表现出一定的区域差异性;随着农地流转率的增加,农地利用变化率虽然在各地均表现出"凸"型非线性增加态势,但是在增加幅度上也表现出区域差异.研究结论:要进一步优化农地利用结构,可以从刺激农地流转的微观因子角度寻找突破口.     

河南省农村建设用地整治潜力测算及指标分配研究

为了挖掘"十三五"规划期间河南省农村建设用地的整治潜力,有效促进节约集约用地形势,减少闲置废弃地、低效用地等的浪费现象,采用人口预测模型、人均用地指标法和多因素综合法等,测算全省124个县(市)的综合整治潜力并提出各县(市)在新一轮整治规划中可整治的指标分配任务。结果表明:现状农村建设用地面积利用粗放,到2020年全省理论整治潜力非常大;全省到2020年农村建设用地综合整治潜力远远高于规划目标整治面积,各县(市)之间的综合潜力差异性也较大。研究提出在"十三五"期间充分发挥农村建设用地的整治潜力,提高整治能力和管理能力,为土地整治潜力相关研究提供参考。