大公司参与风险投资的动机与模式

本文分析了大公司参与风险投资的动机及介入风险投资的模式。大公司介入风险投资除受高额利润回报率吸引外,一些在行业内处于领先地位的、实力雄厚的大公司更多出于自身长远发展的战略动机介入风险投资。大公司参与风险投资的模式主要有独资成立、发起控股、及参与持股三种方式。此类大公司背景风险投资机构能帮助新创企业获得行业战略资源,但也可能由于过于追求自身利益阻碍新创企业发展。本文建议大公司参与风险投资时应量力而行,并依据自身经济实力及参与动机,选择适合的参与模式。此外,监管当局应鼓励大公司投资于与自身主营业务存在协同效应的新创企业,促进产业升级与经济增长。     

营商环境与中国对外直接投资——基于投资动机的视角

本文基于2007—2014年中国对62个代表性国家(地区)的对外直接投资数据,从投资动机的视角分析了营商环境对中国对外直接投资的影响。研究结果表明:东道国营商环境总体上对促进中国对外直接投资具有正向影响;当出于不同的投资动机进行对外直接投资时,东道国的营商环境对中国对外直接投资的影响各异;出于市场、自然资源寻求动机进行对外直接投资时,东道国的营商环境与中国对外直接投资为负相关关系;而出于劳动力、战略资产寻求动机进行对外直接投资时,东道国的营商环境与中国对外直接投资为正相关关系。本文考察营商环境的具体方面对中国对外直接投资的影响,发现开办企业、建筑许可等5个方面有利于促进中国对外直接投资,获得信贷则起到负向作用,而保护少数投资者、纳税和登记财产则不具有影响。     

制度学习、网络中心性和市场进入——跨国风险资本在华投资的实证研究

在我国风险投资市场不断繁荣而且跨国风险投资大量涌进的背景下,本文主要运用清科数据库2001年1月1日到201 0年1 2月31日的数据进行分析,研究发现跨国风险投资机构的网络中心性对"制度学习一市场进入"的关系具有中介作用。跨国风险投资机构不同的联合投资网络中心性对制度学习正向影响市场进入的影响作用不同,其中中介中心性的影响作用最大,表明跨国风险资本充当其他风险投资机构网络联结的中介具有重要的作用。在此基础上,本研究对跨国风险投资机构和本土风险投资机构的实践及联合投资网络的运作提出相应的建议,以期推动我国风险投资产业的有序发展。     

制度因素与中国对发展中国家的投资

本文利用投资引力模型分析2003~2013年中国对发展中国家OFDI数据,重点考察了东道国制度环境和制度差距对中国OFDI的影响,研究发现:(1)中国对外直接投资总体偏向于整体制度环境较差且与自身制度环境相差较大的发展中国家,表现出中国OFDI的"特殊性";(2)中国对发展中国家的直接投资具有明显的市场寻求动机,其倾向于选择制度环境较差且与自身制度距离较大的国家或地区,中国资源寻求型OFDI倾向于选择制度环境较差但资源丰富的国家和地区。     

中国风险投资发展的制约因素及其政策选择

中国的风险投资发展一直处于缓慢前进的阶段,基于这种考虑,我国的政策法规必须要重视风险投资的发展和促进。本文提出了重视对高素质投资人才的培养,构建多种资金投入方式,完善政策的补充措施的风险投资发展措施,为尽快地赶超欧美国家的风险投资水平提供了建设性意见。     

机构投资者参与公司治理的机理、途径和影响因素

在我国的证券市场,机构投资者已成为投资的主体,在市场中发挥着举足轻重的作用,对上市公司乃至整个证券市场的影响越来越大。本文借鉴国内外的相关研究,探讨了机构投资者参与公司治理的动机、机理、途径和影响因素。     

机构投资者参与公司治理的机理、途径和影响因素

在我国的证券市场,机构投资者已成为投资的主体,在市场中发挥着举足轻重的作用,对上市公司乃至整个证券市场的影响越来越大。本文借鉴国内外的相关研究,探讨了机构投资者参与公司治理的动机、机理、途径和影响因素。     

我国风险资本的地理分布及其对机构投资业绩的影响

本文通过资料研究发现,我国的风险投资机构和风险融资企业在地理分布上都集中在北京、上海、深圳等地。文章通过建立Probit模型进行分析发现,位于风险资本中心的风险机构投资成功率相对较低;有本地机构的参与的联合投资机构,其风险投资事件的成功率更高。     

政府型风险投资公司的局限性与对策

政府型风险投资公司在其商业化运作过程中,偏离了引导民间资本参与风险投资、促进高新技术产业化这一社会目标,从环境、风险企业、风险投资机构与行业三个方面分析风险投资机构偏离传统风险投资行为的原因,造成风险投资公司投资行为保守的原因是多方面的,采用商业化运作的风险投资机构的行为具有客观合理性。     

风险投资对企业IPO抑价率的影响研究

基于2009~2012年间在境内、境外交易所首次公开募股的中国公司样本,利用倾向得分匹配方法,实证研究发现有风险投资支持的企业,和具有类似的公司特征却无风险投资背景的企业相比,在IPO抑价上没有显著区别,且在不同所有权属性的风险投资机构支持和上市企业所在版块中仍然如此,表明风险投资的参与对企业IPO抑价程度并未产生显著影响.本文通过倾向值得分匹配法纠正以往研究中存在的样本选择偏误,扩充了风险投资对于IPO抑价影响的实证研究.     

The interplay of need and opportunity in venture capital investment syndication

This study examines the syndication of investments novel to a VC firm as a function of the firm's need and opportunity to do so. We distinguish two types of uncertainty that firms face when considering novel investments: egocentric, pertaining to making the right decisions, and altercentric, pertaining to being evaluated as a potential partner on the investment. Whereas the former increases the firm's need to syndicate the investment, the latter reduces the firm's opportunity to do so, making it contingent upon the firm's status and reputation for attracting potential partners. Using data on first-round venture capital investments, we find that novel investments are more likely to be syndicated. Moreover, this relationship is stronger for firms with higher status and weaker for firms with higher reputation. These results highlight a relational aspect of uncertainty, inherent in a particular VC firm — investment dyad, and suggest that status and reputation play different roles in aligning the need and opportunity to syndicate novel investments.     

中国国际投资引力、动力和惯性分析

对国际投资引力、动力和惯性的研究表明,我国国际投资的引力和动力虽在不断增加但系数仍然较小,国际投资惯性基本处于零投资惯性阶段。而与此同时,发达国家的国际投资引力和动力却在不断增加,且其国际投资惯性已从零投资惯性向正投资惯性转变。当前,中国已由一个引进外资的国家逐渐转向对外投资的国家,因此有必要进一步提高中国的国际投资引力和动力系数,保持国际投资的持续性,克服国际投资中的短期行为,强调引进外资规模的适度性。     

When do venture capitalists collaborate? Evidence on the driving forces of venture capital syndication

Using a sample of 2,373 unique capital contributions from 437 venture capitalists (VCs) over subsequent rounds into 961 start-ups during the period 1995–2005 in Germany we disentangle the circumstances under which lead VCs engage in syndicate relationships with partner VCs. The results indicate that syndication is more pronounced when VCs face higher risks that need to be diversified and capital burdens are larger. Moreover, we document that industry investment experience lends legitimacy to lead VCs, allowing them to enter syndicate relationships to enhance their network positions. In general, greater industry experience is associated with more syndication. Lastly, the results show that lead VCs involve new/additional partners in subsequent financing rounds to leverage their idiosyncratic skills and knowledge to improve deal selection and/or provide a better quality of managerial advice.     

Does Venture Capital Syndication Spur Employment Growth and Shareholder Value? Evidence from German IPO Data

This study empirically examines the syndication of equity by multiple venture capitalists in Germany. Following the literature, there are mainly two competing views as to why venture capitalists syndicate investments. First, syndication can be viewed as a means of risk-sharing. Second, venture capitalists may provide important productive resources to firms: capital and information. I test hypotheses based on these two aspects. The results show that the syndication of equity and the number of venture capitalists involved cannot be fully explained by firm characteristics like size, age, or industry affiliation. Although syndicated investments do not differ significantly in stock-market performance, they do show significantly higher growth rates.     

How useful is venture capital prestige? Evidence from IPO survivability

This study examines the effect of venture capitalist (VC) prestige on the post-issue survivability of IPOs and how VC characteristics influence the effect. We find that IPOs backed by prestigious VCs are less likely to delist for performance failure and have longer listing duration relative to those without VC backing; however, IPOs backed by ordinary VCs are as likely to delist as IPOs without VC backing. The finding is robust for Internet and high-tech firms. We further examine heterogeneous VC characteristics and find that the ability of prestigious VCs to improve IPO survival is a function of their investment experience and managerial ability. VC prestige characterized by industry specialization and syndication networks is not related to IPO survival. Overall, the results suggest that the VC characteristics that produce prestige, rather than the prestige itself, drive the long-term survival of IPOs.     

Learning from own and others’ previous experience: the contribution of the venture capital firm to the likelihood of a portfolio company’s trade sale

The objective of this paper is to examine to what extent different venture capital firms contribute to the likelihood that the portfolio company in which they invested will realize a trade sale. We use arguments from learning theory to hypothesize the relationship between vicarious, experiential and congenital learning of the venture capital (VC) firm and the trade sale hazard of its portfolio companies. Based on our analysis of 206 VC-backed UK start-ups, we find that both trade sale experience of the VC and learning from syndicate partners with trade sale experience significantly increase the trade sale hazard. The routines and procedures learned from experienced syndicate partners complement experience accumulated through trial and error. Congenital trade sale experience of the investment managers on the contrary has no significant influence on the acquisition hazard.     

Gain or pain? New evidence on mixed syndication between governmental and private venture capital firms in China

I investigate the performance of mixed syndication involving both governmental and private venture capital firms (GVCs and PVCs) in the context of China. Using the data on the investments in start-ups between 1995 and 2011, I find that start-ups backed by mixed syndication in their initial financing round are less likely to survive to the next round to obtain refinancing, compared to those backed by syndication solely among PVCs. I present evidence consistent with two possible explanations of the underperformance of firms backed by mixed syndication: a potentially lower criterion of selecting portfolio companies when led by PVCs and less complementary resources but higher coordination cost in mixed syndication. The empirical results continue to hold when using instrumental variables, propensity score matching analysis and the quasi-maximum likelihood estimation method for mitigating the potential selection bias and endogeneity problems.     

Venture Capitalists, Syndication and Governance in Initial Public Offerings

This paper examines the development of effective boards in venture capital (VC)-backed initial public offerings. It argues that VC-backed IPOs suffer from two sets of agency costs which are related to principal–agent and principal–principal relationships between the founders and members of the VC syndicate. Using a unique sample of 293 entrepreneurial IPOs in the UK it shows that VC syndicates invest in relatively more risky firms. VC-backed IPOs have more independent boards than IPOs with no VC involvement, with board independence being higher in syndicated VC-backed firms. These results are consistent with assumption that these governance factors are used to mitigate agency costs associated with VC involvement in IPO firms. We also find that in syndicated IPOs there is a higher equity presence of passive private equity firms investing alongside VC firms.     

有限合伙制刍议

高新技术的发展对传统的投资方式和产权制度提出了挑战,高风险相对应的高收益直接带来了风险投资的出现及企业产权制度的变革———有限合伙制的出现。有限合伙制在英、美等发达国家已经比较成熟,并带来了高新技术企业的迅猛发展。我国的有限合伙是在借鉴英美模式的基础上刚刚开始尝试,目前法律并没有做出明确的相关规定,而且原有的法律体系在某些方面还限制了有限合伙制的发展,如何让有效率的有限合伙制被中国的高科技企业和风险投资运用,还需要对相关的法律法规做出调整。     

Legality and venture capital governance around the world

We analyze governance with a new dataset on investments of venture capitalists in 3848 portfolio firms in 39 countries from North and South America, Europe and Asia spanning 1971–2003. We provide evidence that cross-country differences in legality, including legal origin and accounting standards, have a significant impact on the governance structure of investments in the VC industry: better laws facilitate faster deal screening and deal origination, a higher probability of syndication and a lower probability of potentially harmful co-investment, and facilitate investor board representation of the investor. We also show that country-specific differences exist apart from legal and economic development.