菌落总数检验的不确定度评定

通过对15件市售速冻水饺为样本进行菌落总数检验，采用合并样本标准差的统计方法评定样本的菌落总数检验不确定度。本次实验的扩展不确定度为0．08410通过对实验结果进行了表述，表明菌落总数检测结果分散性较大时宜采用对数平均值作为测试结果进行评定。     

国标法测定即食紫菜菌落总数结果的不确定度评定及其应用

文章通过对即食紫菜菌落总数检验结果的不确定度评定,介绍了食品菌落总数不确定度的评估方法及其应用,并对检验结果在限量标准附近的合格评定进行了讨论。     

面包中菌落总数测定测量结果不确定度评定

为减小实验误差,提高检测结果的精确度及准确性,评定菌落总数的不确定度。对样品中菌落总数不确定度的来源进行分析,通过建立测量模型,采用合成标准不确定度的方法,评定菌落总数的不确定度。结果:样品中的菌落总数检验结果为(150±44)CFU,扩展不确定度U值为44,适合于每一个样本的检测。     

肉类食品微生物检验中无菌操作技术

为了阐述食品微生物检验中无菌操作技术的使用方法,观察检验结果。选取某屠宰场羊肉、牛肉、猪肉各100份,以50例为一组,将不同肉类分为观察组与对照组。对照组采用常规方法操作,不使用无菌操作技术,观察组将无菌操作技术应用到微生物检验过程中。结果表明,观察组羊肉菌落总数、猪肉菌落总数、牛肉体菌落总数与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05)。将无菌操作技术应用到食品微生物检验过程中,可提高检验结果的准确度。     

食品微生物检验中菌落总数测定的注意事项

菌落的总数可科学地评估食品的整体卫生情况,全面分析食品的新鲜程度和污染程度,因此采用菌落总数测定的方式,可在一定程度上分析食品卫生情况。本文主要分析食品微生物检验中菌落总数测定的注意事项。     

出口冷冻面团菌落总数检验标准的适用性探讨

对于检出菌落总数不符合GB19295限量规定的一批出口冷冻面团,经试验结果分析产品菌落总数超标系由产品添加酵母引起,由此探讨了有关冷冻面团菌落总数限量标准、测定方法等问题。建议出口相关产品检验要尽可能搜集明确产品输入国或地区的标准要求;在国外要求不能明确的情况下,依据GB19295检验要注意添加酵母对产品菌落总数的影响;此外,检验检疫部门要关注企业实验室对出口产品的自检自控能力。     

均质方式对饼干中菌落总数测定的影响

比较拍击式均质器和磁力搅拌器两种均质前处理方式对检测饼干的菌落总数的差异,获得最佳的前处理方案。利用两种均质前处理方式,按GB 4789.2-2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定》的方法检测饼干中菌落总数,并考察均质时间对实验结果的影响。分别采用两种均质方式,随均质时间增加,菌落总数检测结果快速增大,60 s后增大趋缓,进入平衡状态,拍击式均质方式获得的菌落总数数值显著高于搅拌式均质方式(P0.05)。两种均质方式对测定饼干菌落总数的影响显著,拍击式均质方式获得的数值较为合理。     

冷冻饮品菌落总数检验中不确定度的评定

[目的]评定冷冻饮品菌落总数检测结果的不确定度。[方法]以20件冷冻饮品为样本进行菌落总数检验，分析样本中菌落总数不确定度的来源，运用合并样本标准差的方法，进行冷冻饮品菌落总数不确定度的评定。[结果]本次实验的扩展不确定度为0.0509，适合于每一个样本的检测结果。[结论]方法简便易行，随着样本数量的增大，不确定度范围更可靠。实际工作中，可随时加入检测结果，重新计算合并样本标准差，更新不确定度的取值范围。     

食品(糕点)中菌落总数测量不确定度评定

按照国家标准 GB 4789.2-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定》对同一批次的青团样品进行10次测定,并通过分析影响测量结果的不确定度来源,得出菌落总数的不确定度和扩展不确定度。并由此得出结论:被测样品的菌落总数(10个样品测量结果取对数后的平均值)取值区间为[y--0.15,y-+0.15]。     

低水分活度的预包装食品中菌落总数复查的研究

为了探讨食品抽检中菌落总数指标复检的可能性,通过对水活度较低的预包装食品乳粉、营养米粉、燕麦片、膨化食品、蜂蜜进行菌落总数测定,对低水分活度预包装食品菌落总数指标的稳定性进行分析。结果表明,同一批次、同一储存条件的未开封预包装食品在不同保存周期内菌落总数在统计学上无显著差异,本研究结果可为低水分活度预包装菌落总数的复查可行性提供参考依据。     

How important is appearance? Consumer preferences for mandarins in Indonesia

The purpose of this research was to determine consumer preferences for attributes of mandarins in Indonesia, in particular the preferences between domestic and imported mandarins. A focus group was conducted to identify some salient attributes of mandarins to Indonesian consumers. Intrinsic fruit attributes that are important to consumers include the appearance, taste, texture and overall quality of fruit segments and skin colour. Based on the results of the focus group, a survey questionnaire was developed and used in the interview process with the consumers. Evaluations were made on a seven‐point intensity scale for two domestic lines of mandarins and one imported line. Respondents did not know the origins of the fruit when evaluating the intrinsic qualities of mandarins. The results from 113 respondents in the city of Surabaya showed that domestic mandarins were rated higher on all intrinsic attributes. Imported mandarins were rated the best only on skin colour as domestic fruit are normally green or only partially orange when ripe. The fact that imported mandarins continue to command premium prices in the Indonesian market is an interesting phenomenon. Two possible explanations are suggested. The prestige of supermarket retailers (where imported produce is mostly sold) may advantage imported fruits. Alternatively, consumers may hold persistently favourable perceptions of imported fruits. Whether this represents the influence of subjective psychological and status factors requires further investigation.     

Product Attributes as Purchase Determinants of Imported Fruits in Indian Consumers

This study aims to investigate the consumer perceptions and purchase determinants of imported fruits in an emerging economy such as India. A consumer survey was conducted in one of the major urban cities of India. Item measures were related to consumer perceptions, purchase determinants, and consumer-reported willingness to pay price premiums. The data analysis was undertaken using techniques like exploratory factor analysis, logistic regression, and analysis of variance. Consumers associate imported fruits with health, safety, taste, and free from chemicals, whereas extrinsic factors such as storage conditions, store image, appearance, label, country of origin, and price also influence the willingness to purchase imported fruits. The demographic factors having the most impact on consumers’ attribute ratings for imported fruits are age, gender, income, and education. This study highlights the significant purchase determinants that can help marketers of imported fruits to gain higher share in Indian markets.     

进口石脑油质量技术指标分析与评价

为了全面了解进口石脑油的检验项目、质量技术指标要求,准确掌握进口石脑油的质量技术指标特点,本文对进口石脑油的检验项目及质量指标进行了分析。结果表明：在进口石脑油检验项目及质量技术指标中,检验项目累计达40余项,对烃类组成、馏程、杂质含量、密度等项目进行了不同的限值;其中烃类组成以环烷烃＋芳烃、烷烃、环烷烃、芳烃及烯烃单独或部分组合形式加以限值;馏程多对初馏点、终馏点限值,也有对5%、10%、50%、90%、95%馏出点进行限值;杂质检验项目有多有少、质量技术指标各不相同。建议合同中必须对进口石脑油的质量指标加以全面规定。     

Retailers and apparel imports: variables associated with relative proportions of imports carried

Purposes of this exploratory study were: (i) to determine retailers' views toward imported apparel, (ii) to gain insight into retailers' reasons for carrying imported apparel, and (iii) to examine variables associated with relative proportions of imported apparel carried in stock. Interviewers surveyed 191 retailers in the eastern U.S.A., using a structured telephone interview. Data analysis included chi-square tests of association and frequency distributions. The proportion of stock retailers reported to be imported was cross-tabulated with a number of variables. Results gave insight into retailers' reasons for carrying imported apparel, although a majority appeared to favour domestic apparel; results also indicated some of the problems associated with carrying foreign-made goods. Results can be useful to manufacturers in their efforts to counter retailers' trend to carry increasing quantities of imported apparel and to educators preparing graduates for employment in this sensitive sector.     

英文摘要

Where Are They From？ The origins of imported and exported products became a public issue in China as Da Vinci Furniture was involved in a scandal. It was reported that the company＇s ＂made in Italy＂ products were actually made in China, shipped to China＇s border, and then suddenly became ＂imported＂.     

原产地管理 全球之难

原产地是全球贸易协调中的难题，而中国正在谋求各管理职能部门间的相互配合、相互沟通，在越来越广泛的全球贸易中达到与各贸易伙伴更深人的交流与合作。     

谈进口资本品的双重效应与技术进步——基于2001-2009年中国省际面板数据分析

利用我国27个省市区2001—2009年的面板数据,采用动态面板数据模型分析方法,对进口资本品影响技术进步的双重效应、滞后效应与间接效应进行实证分析。结果显示,进口资本品对TFP的影响具有双重效应,进口资本品与TFP呈倒"U"型关系;在研究样本期内,进口资本品对TFP的负面影响占主导地位,其数量已超过最优值,此时再增加资本品进口会导致TFP下降。滞后一期的进口资本品能够促进技术进步。进口资本品还通过人力资本、FDI等间接渠道对技术进步产生积极影响。     

Foreign-made Apparel

With the use of a congruity theory approach, consumers were asked to evaluate the quality of apparel for three brand types (name, designer, store), four store types (department, discount, national chain, off-price) and imported versus US-made apparel. They were then asked to evaluate the quality of each store type in association with either US-made or imported merchandise. Subjects were also asked to evaluate the quality of brand types in association with US-made or imported goods. Results revealed that a brand or store association with imported or US-made apparel may significantly increase or decrease the perception of apparel quality. The implications for advertisers, manufacturers and retailers are discussed.     

高频往复试验机润滑性参考油的研制

参照进口润滑性参考油的规格指标,选择了稳定可靠的基础液(基础组分)并添加适量的调配组分,其中高润滑性参考油添加了润滑剂,低润滑性参考油添加了抗磨性极低的烃类,研制出理想的国产润滑性参考油,可以取代进口润滑性参考油,并用于HFRR试验机的校对。     

基于安全风险监测的进口食品抽样方法研究

近年来,进口食品以多种贸易形态进入我国,现有食品抽样方法难以覆盖进口食品安全质量指标要素,难以科学评价差异化的区域性进口食品安全状况。本方法旨在提出一种以食品安全风险评测、具有代表性的食品安全指标为测评参数,建立科学模型和依据准确的抽样计算方法,方法适用于总体单元之间差异较大的进口食品贸易抽样,进而更为科学地对进口食品安全状况进行评估,进而提高进口食品安全质量保障的实践水平。