遏制外汇储备超常增长维护外汇市场基本稳定

一、我国外汇储备的现状 外汇储备高速增长是我国宏观经济的一个突出问题.2001年我国外汇储备只有2121亿美元,2002年为2864亿美元,2003年为4032亿美元,2004年达到6099亿美元,2005年达到8189亿美元.2004～2005两年期间,外汇储备增加了一倍.增幅之大,数量之多,世所未见.     

能力储备：外汇储备转型的思路

外汇储备急剧增加，已经成为当前我国宏观经济管理的重大课题。外汇储备转型具有紧迫性和必要性。本报告提出，外汇储备转型的重点是加强能力储备．建立兼有能力储备、外汇货币储备、外汇债券储备和战略物资储备的综合储备体系。     

我国外汇储备持续增长对货币政策的制约及对策

持续增长的外汇储备使外汇占款成为我国基础货币投放的主要渠道,因此而增加的货币供给加大了国内流动性过剩和通货膨胀的压力,也加大了央行货币政策调控的难度。本文在分析我国近年来外汇储备增长现状的基础上,探讨了外汇储备余额高速增长对我国货币政策的制约以及应采取的对策措施。     

外汇占款对货币供给和物价水平的影响

在理论上,外汇占款主要通过影响基础货币来影响总体货币供给,进而影响物价水平。近年来外汇占款已成为国内流动性的重要来源。本文采用1998年1B至2012年10月的月度数据,运用协整方法、向量误差修正模型（VECM）实证检验了中国外汇占款增加对货币供应量的影响。实证检验结果显示了中国外汇占款增加对货币供应量的正向影响较显著,以及影响的滞后性、持久性与稳定性特征,还揭示了cPI的变动主要来源于货币供应量的直接影响。     

外汇储备增长对我国货币政策独立性的影响

我国外汇储备的快速增长影响了货币政策的独立性,使得货币政策被动实施,效用打折。我国应通过改革现行的外汇管理制度,加大公开市场业务的操作力度等措施减少外汇储备增长对货币政策独立性的冲击。     

过剩的流动性规模直逼中国金融应变力

在1994年人民币汇率体制改革以前，从外汇占款项下投入基础货币，大约占广义货币（M2）增长量的50％，汇改当年上升到87％，2003年外汇占款所形成的货币供应量首次超过全部广义货币供应量，2005年和2006年，大约是广义货币增长量的1．5倍和2．1倍，     

外汇储备剧增导致的货币政策困境

外汇储备是体现和制约货币政策有效性的重要因素。根据“三元悖论”,中国政府为确保汇率稳定,同时实现资本准自由流动,必定要以牺牲货币政策独立性为代价。外汇储备超常增长、大量外汇占款导致央行货币政策的实施陷入被动和效果趋弱的困境,给宏观调控政策的选择提出更加复杂的难题。基于此现状,本文对该困境形成的原因和不利影响加以分析,尝试寻求解决办法。     

我国外汇占款影响货币供给的实证研究

近年我国外汇储备的持续增长,造成外汇占款大幅增长,最后引致货币供给增加。本文将对我国外汇占款对货币供给的影响作用进行实证分析,结果表明我国外汇占款和货币供给量M2之间存在稳定的均衡关系,我国外汇占款的巨剧增长,容易导致货币市场失衡。     

当前流动性管理中的几个问题

众多人士认为，近三年我国国际收支的大幅顺差导致央行被动投放了基础货币，这是造成我国流动性过剩的主要原因。实际上，由于央行的对冲操作，在2004-2006年，基础货币的增长率可以说已得到基本的控制。至于为什么市场普遍感觉流动性仍然偏多，主要推动因素是货币乘数的持续扩大。一是商业银行两次不良资产的剥离，资产流动性明显增强，保持较少的超额储备比例仍能维持正常的经营。[第一段]     

世界经济新格局与中国经济长期增长前景

中国各行业企业资本边际收益率普遍下降,意味着中国宏观经济增速下行已成为必然趋势。实际上,这标志着中国在完成基本工业化后开始从高速增长阶段进入中低速增长阶段,这也是国际发达经济体和东亚新兴经济体都遵循的发展规律。面对经济增长的趋势性变化,货币政策对经济增长的刺激作用是非常有限的,大量超发货币只会加剧信贷泡沫、增加企业尝债能力的系统性风险。当前经济的核心问题在于宏观税赋过高和企业盈利能力不足,因此,最重要的财政政策应该是实施总量减税而不仅是结构性减税,尤其是对中小企业减税减赋,才能增加就业,提高居民消费比例,转变经济增长方式。     

Did taxes,decrees or credibility drive money? Early nineteenth century Finland from a chartalist perspective

Chartalist theories assume the government determines the currency used by the public. Finland’s experience following the Russo-Swedish war in 1808–1809 would seem to contradict the chartalist view. Having become a Grand Duchy under Russia, the Finnish Government sought to replace Swedish riksdalers in circulation with roubles. However, due to a resilient trade surplus with Sweden and the resulting flood of Swedish money into Finland, bans on the riksdaler were largely ineffective. Taxation proved a particularly clumsy tool for leveraging the switch to roubles. Taxpayers almost forced the government to accept payments in a foreign currency. Even the government had to use Swedish money. Issuing roubles was of limited use. As a result, the rouble failed to establish itself as Finland’s main currency until the introduction of a silver standard in 1840–1842.     

The dollar as an official reserve currency under EMU

This article analyzes official reserve-holding behavior in EU countries to assess the effect EMU might have on holdings of dollar reserves. Based on earlier research and new estimates, a wide range of projections is presented for the effect of EMU on the overall demand for reserves and their currency composition. It is argued that official dollar holdings could decline on the order of 35% or more from current dollar holdings, although the range of uncertainty is quite large. The contributions of country-specific factors appear to swamp the systematic components that had been isolated in earlier research.     

Non-Keynesian Fiscal Adjustments? A Close Look at Expansionary Fiscal Consolidations in the EU

This paper analyses the characteristics of episodes of fiscal consolidation in the EU exhibiting non-Keynesian features, i.e., followed by an improved growth performance. Roughly half of the episodes of fiscal consolidations that have been undertaken in the EU in the last 30 years have been followed by higher growth. Probit regressions indicate that the consolidations that turned out to be expansionary were more likely started in periods with output below potential and based on expenditure cuts rather than on tax increases. These results appear quite robust with respect to the criteria used to identify the consolidation episodes and to classify such episodes as expansionary.

Currency Substitution and Money Demand in Euroland

This paper tests the stability of the demand for money in the euro-area in the context of an open economy. A sample consisting of quarterly data covering the 1982:2–1999:3 period is considered. The main finding is that the U.S. dollar long-term interest rate plays a significant role in the European money demand relationship. This result holds for different combinations of variables forming the vector auto-regressive system and suggests that international monetary interdependency may be an important factor influencing the ECB monetary policy.This paper draws on an earlier version and was prepared while the author was at the Bank of Portugal (the usual disclaimer applies). It was presented at the 2003 Meeting of the Economic Modelling Network. The author acknowledges Luis Catela Nunes, Carlos Santos, Carlos Robalo Marques, Nuno Alves, and an anonymous referee for their helpful suggestions.     

What are the Trade Spill-Overs from Fiscal Shocks in Europe? An Empirical Analysis***

We use a Vector Auto Regression (VAR) analysis to explore the (trade spill-over) effects of fiscal policy shocks in Europe. To enhance comparability with the existing literature, we first analyse the effects of these shocks at the national level. Here, we employ identification based on Choleski decomposition and a structural VAR, both of which lead to the same results. Then, we turn to study the cross-border spill-overs of fiscal shocks via the trade channel. Fiscal expansions in Germany, France and Italy lead to significant increases in imports from a number of European countries. In order to mimic the case of monetary union, we also shut off the effects via the short-term interest rate and the nominal exchange rate and find a slight strengthening on average of the cross-country spill-overs from a fiscal expansion. These results suggest that it may be worthwhile to further investigate the possibility of enhanced fiscal coordination.*** This research is part of the RTN project ‘Macroeconomic Policy Design for Monetary Unions’, funded by the European Commission (contract number HPRN-CT-2002-00237). We thank two anonymous referees, a referee for the ECB Working Paper series, Peter Claeys, David-Jan Jansen, Franc Klaassen, Roberto Perotti and audiences at the Dutch Central Bank and the CEPR/CREI Conference ‘Designing a Macroeconomic Policy Framework for Europe’ (Barcelona, 2004) for many helpful comments. A large part of this paper was written while Beetsma was visiting the Directorate-General for Research of the ECB. He thanks the ECB for the stimulating research environment. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not commit any of.cial institution. The usual disclaimer applies.     

货币“迷失”与我国货币、汇率政策选择

考察1985～2003年我国货币资金的“迷失”现象,可发现这种货币的迷失本身是由货币供给的内生性导致的,尤其是由于很大一部分迷失的货币没有进入实体经济部门、没有形成有效的货币供给导致的。我国大量存在的货币资金迷失现象动摇了蒙代尔—弗莱明模型和我国货币政策关于货币供给外生性的假设前提,这一方面使得蒙代尔不可能三角不再绝对成立,另一方面也削弱了我国货币政策实施的效果,货币政策当局在制定货币政策时有必要对此有所关注。     

A Stochastic Simulation Model of an Optimum Currency Area

In this paper, we develop a two-country stochastic simulation model based on the theory of optimum currency areas, which studies the desirability of a monetary union. Extending the general equilibrium model of Ricci (1995), we introduce the intertemporal dimension, which allows to deal more accurately with labor mobility and shock dynamics. We analyse the importance of shocks asymmetries and investigate the role of labor mobility. Furthermore, we illustrate the influence of trade openness and the impact of a fiscal federalism system, assuming a specific transfer allocation rule based on the relative evolution of unemployment between the two countries.