哈继铭:货币条件宽松是当前经济过热根本原因

近期我国货币政策条件指数的增长速度快于货币总量指标,说明在货币与信贷增速放缓的情况下,货币政策条件持续宽放。货币总量对增长的作用是即时的,而利率和汇率的作用则分别存在2个季度和4至8个季度的时滞。     

对中国通货膨胀的实证研究——从一般到特殊的建模方法

本文采用从一般到特殊的建模方法,利用PcGets软件,实证考察了1994~2009年中国通货膨胀与货币供应、产出缺口、汇率和国际原油价格之间的联系。研究表明,通货膨胀和货币供应之间存在长期稳定的正相关关系,但通货膨胀并不完全是货币现象。除货币供应外,还有其他更多重要变量共同决定通货膨胀的变化。产出缺口与通货膨胀之间存在显著关系,因而不能忽视汇率因素对通货膨胀的影响等。     

我国货币长期超中性实证研究

通过一个三元(货币供应量M2的增长率、名义利率、实际产出)结构向量自回归模型研究货币供应量增长率的一次永久性变动对实际产出、名义利率的长期影响，结果表明在中国货币超中性不成立，存在Mundell-Tobin效应，即货币供应量M2增长率的一次永久性变动使实际产出增加，实际利率下降。     

人民币汇率波动与物价水平关系研究——基于VAR模型的实证分析

汇率作为一国货币对外价格的直接体现,反映一国货币在国际上的购买力水平;物价水平,作为货币的另一种经济计量,反应一国货币的对内价格.在人民币国际化不断深化的背景下,本文通过研究汇率波动、利率变动之间的关系,综合考虑国内生产总值、国际市场原油价格以及广义货币供给量等因素,得出三大指数与国内生产总值、人民币名义有效汇率指数、人民币存款利率、广义货币发行量、国际市场原油价格以及房地产市场繁荣程度呈现长期协整关系,短期内消费者价格指数对人民币汇率的冲击波动剧烈,并在10期之后趋于平稳;生产者价格指数与零售价格指数对人民币汇率的冲击呈现平稳下降趋势.     

基于状态空间模型的我国货币状况指数分析

构建纳入汇率因素的货币条件指数作为货币政策操作的参考指标,可以有效地缓解开放经济条件下货币政策的决策困境,有助于货币当局获得一个全面反映货币松紧程度的定量指标,以利于货币政策的顺利实施。为此利用状态空间模型可以估算实际利率、实际有效汇率和货币供给增长率在货币状况指数中的时变权重,从而得出1996年以来扩展的货币状况指数,并结合我国货币政策与宏观经济形势解析我国经济发展中的货币政策环境的变化。     

上证综合指数与宏观经济变量间的回归分析及预测研究

目的是通过回归的方法,了解上证综合指数与宏观变量之间的线性关系,希望找到预测上证综合指数的方法.收集了从1997年1月到2009年4月中国月度低频数据,包括上证指数,广义货币供应量M2,汇率,居民消费价格指数,国家财政收入,出口额,利率水平.     

“不可能三角”视角下的我国货币政策有效性探究

本文首先以"不可能三角"理论为切入点,质疑我国货币政策的有效性。然后通过分析我国货币政策的传导机制,采用1996年1季度至2013年2季度的季度数据进行VAR模型的实证检验,得出主要结论有:(1)汇率和外汇储备的变化确实能影响货币供应,汇率变动是外汇储备变动的原因;(2)我国货币政策主要通过货币渠道来影响实际经济总量,汇率变化对经济总量有长期影响;(3)就货币政策对实际产出的作用效果而言,我国货币政策缺乏有效性;(4)"不可能三角"在我国是成立的。     

前瞻性利率规则在我国的实证研究——基于分位数回归方法的变参数检验

本文通过引入预期货币供给增长变量,设定了一个符合我国现实国情的前瞻性利率规则,利用分位数回归方法对该前瞻性利率规则进行实证检验后发现,前瞻性利率规则能够保证我国经济运行在偏离均衡状态或央行目标时采取正确的政策调整方向,保证经济运行的稳定性。具体而言,预期货币供给增长率响应系数随着利率由条件分布的低端向高端变动而呈现单向递增的变化趋势,而预期通胀和预期产出缺口的响应系数变化趋势并非是单向的,分别呈现先增后减和先减后增的变化趋势。     

中国股票收益率与宏观经济波动的关联性研究

文章基于我国名义汇率、名义利率、工业增加值以及货币供给量四个主要的宏观经济指标,利用多变量向量自回归（VAR）模型研究我国宏观经济变量冲击是否能够显著影响股票市场收益率的变动。经验结果表明,我国工业增加值以及货币供给量能够显著影响股票收益率,而名义利率以及名义汇率对股票收益率的影响相对较弱,此外,通过脉冲响应函数所得到的检验结果说明,我国宏观经济变量对股票收益率的冲击反应持续期均在一年以上。     

我国利率变动对汇率的影响效应分析

本文首先阐述了利率——汇率传导机制发生作用的条件和各国的现实经济情况，进而分析影响这种传导机制的各种因素；然后就利率变动对汇率的影响效应在我国的表现进行了实证研究，以具体解释人民币利率、汇率和资本流动之间的关系；最后在利率市场化和汇率市场化的背景下对未来我国利率变动对汇率的影响进行展望。     

On credit and output: Is the supply of credit relevant?

The consensus that changes in the supply of credit were irrelevant to making monetary policy decisions existed among macroeconomists during the second half of the twentieth century. Transmission of shocks to the real economy through changes in the supply of credit, however, played an important role in the recent U.S. financial crisis. This paper explores the extent to which policymakers should consider changes in the supply of credit when making forecasts and monetary policy decisions. More specifically, it considers whether a measure of real credit balances offers consistent and stable information, beyond that of a real interest rate and real money balances, about future output gaps during the U.S. post-war era. Results yield evidence that changes in real credit balances are the only variable, among those considered, to provide consistent and stable information about future output gaps over the entire sample period. Each information variable, however, provides relatively little value added for forecasting future output gaps, beyond a simple autoregressive model. To improve upon forecasts and monetary policy decisions, policymakers therefore should consider a broader range of information variables and occasionally reassess the relative weightings assigned to each.     

Monetary policy,financial uncertainty,and secular stagnation

A monetary policy framework describing how to cope with a financial crisis might alleviate a recession; however, it might also result in subsequent secular stagnation. Based on an empirical New Keynesian model with financial uncertainty, this study investigates how monetary policy can avoid sluggish economic recovery in response to financial shocks. The results show that a protracted sluggish response of an output gap to a financial shock is triggered by inflation targeting, without considering interest rate variations. In such a policy, the uncertainty causes additional sluggish behavior after a sharp reduction in the output gap. In contrast, in a speed limit policy, the output gap recovers rapidly, regardless of the central bank’s approach to interest rate variations, and the uncertainty mitigates reductions in the output gap. Finally, the results are robust under several alternative settings.     

What does money and credit tell us about real activity in the United States?

We analyse the forecasting power of different monetary aggregates and credit variables for US GDP. Special attention is paid to the influence of the recent financial market crisis. For that purpose, in the first step we use a three-variable single-equation framework with real GDP, an interest rate spread and a monetary or credit variable, in forecasting horizons of one to eight quarters. This first stage thus serves to pre-select the variables with the highest forecasting content. In a second step, we use the selected monetary and credit variables within different VAR models, and compare their forecasting properties against a benchmark VAR model with GDP and the term spread (and univariate AR models). Our findings suggest that narrow monetary aggregates, as well as different credit variables, comprise useful predictive information for economic dynamics beyond that contained in the term spread. However, this finding only holds true in a sample that includes the most recent financial crisis. Looking forward, an open question is whether this change in the relationship between money, credit, the term spread and economic activity has been the result of a permanent structural break or whether we might return to the previous relationships.     

Macroeconomic shocks and fluctuations in African economies

We estimate a monetary DSGE model to examine the role of macroeconomic shocks in generating fluctuations in ten African countries. The model is estimated with the Bayesian technique using twelve macroeconomic variables. The findings indicate that both the internal and external shocks significantly influence output fluctuations in African economies. Over a four quarter horizon, internal shocks are dominant and over eight to sixteen quarter horizons, external shocks are dominant. Among the external shocks, external debt, exchange rate, foreign interest rate and commodity price shocks account for a large part of output variations in African economies. Money supply and productivity shocks are the most important internal shocks contributing to output fluctuations in African countries.     

The merit of a Canada-US monetary union

Institutions of a monetary union are described. The union leaves unchanged countries’ international competitiveness and national real incomes. Static gains arise from lower interest rates in Canada and Mexico because national monetary and exchange rate instability are eliminated. There will be lower costs of foreign exchange transactions. Dynamic gains arise in the form of greater labor market discipline, better signals about developing comparative advantage and higher economic growth. Traditional criteria for the optimality of monetary union are considered irrelevant because they rely on economic characteristics, which are endogenous to the monetary system in operation.     

外商直接投资与货币政策对中国出口的影响

利用2005年1月至2010年12月的数据,比较货币政策与资本流入两种因素对中国出口贸易的影响。实证结果表明,中国出口额与利率、汇率、信贷量、FDI存在长期协整关系,信贷量每增加1%,出口额增加0.84%。但FDI对出口贸易的长短期影响不一致。而且经检验发现,利率变动和汇率变动并不是出口变动的Granger原因。所以,中国应完善基础设施建设,缩短FDI发挥创造效应的时间,并综合利用信贷政策、利率政策、汇率政策等多种政策来调整贸易收支。     

Monetary policy rules for convergence to the Euro

This paper investigates the applicability of open-economy convergence-consistent instrument rules for monetary policies in the economies undergoing monetary convergence to a common currency area. The proposed policy rule is forward-looking, consistent with a monetary framework based on inflation-targeting containing input variables that are relative to the corresponding variables in the common currency area. Robust forms of the policy rule are tested empirically for three inflation-targeting countries converging to the euro, i.e. the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. Empirical tests imply systemic differences in monetary policies among these euro-candidates. The Czech monetary policy seemingly follows the rule prescribed by our model. Both the Czech and the Polish central bank interest rate policies respond predominantly to changes in the inflation gap, while the Hungarian responds mainly to the exchange rate gap. In all three cases, changes in the eurozone short-term interest rates strongly drive adjustments in the central banks’ reference interest rates.     

Estimating the Bank of Mexico’s reaction function in the last three decades: A Bayesian DSGE approach with rolling-windows

This paper uses a small open economy Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to investigate how Mexico’s central bank has conducted its monetary policy in the period 1995–2019. The main objective of the paper is to document the systematic changes in the Bank of Mexico’s reaction function by analyzing possible shifts in the parameters of the policy rule. The central bank’s policy is modeled using a Taylor rule that relates the nominal interest rate to output, inflation, and the exchange rate. I employ Bayesian computational techniques and conduct rolling-window estimations to explicitly show the transition of the policy coefficients over the sample period. Furthermore, the paper examines the macroeconomic implications of these changes through rolling-window impulse–response functions. The results suggest that the Bank of Mexico’s response to inflation has been steady since 1995, while the response to output and the exchange rate has decreased and stabilized after 2002.     

Impacts of Monetary, Fiscal and Exchange Rate Policies on Output in China: A Var Approach

Applying the VAR model and using the interest rate as a monetary policy variable, we find that in the long run, output in China responds negatively to a shock to the interest rate, the real exchange rate, government debt, or the inflation rate, and it reacts positively to a shock to government deficits or lagged own output. When real M2 is chosen as a monetary policy variable, long-term output in China responds positively to a shock to real M2 or lagged own output, and it reacts negatively to a shock to the real exchange rate, government debt, or government deficits. Its response to a shock to the inflation rate is negative when government debt is used and is positive when government deficits are considered. In the short run, fiscal policy is more important than monetary policy in three out of four cases. In the long run, monetary policy is more influential than fiscal policy in three out of four cases. Therefore, the government may consider conducting monetary and fiscal policies differently in the short run and long run. The government needs to be cautious in pursuing deficit spending as its long-term impacts depend on the monetary variable employed. The policy of maintaining a relatively stable exchange rate is appropriate as the depreciation of the Yuan may hurt the economy in the short run.JEL Classifications: E5, F4, H6     

开放条件下我国货币政策有效性的经验分析——基于目标实现与工具选择角度的评价

本文利用HP滤波、LSTVAR方法估算我国产出缺口、通胀缺口及货币政策变量的广义脉冲响应函数,以此研究我国货币政策在目标实现和工具选择等方面的有效性。研究结果表明,改革开放以来,我国货币政策的调控经历了急刹车、软着陆、防通缩和控温降速等阶段,政策调控缺乏预见性和提前量,政策工具的使用和力度把握不准确,政策有效性不容乐观;开放条件下,我国货币政策工具的混合使用使得政府很难掌握调控力度和节奏,政府以利率作为主要调控手段的做法不明智,应主要借助信贷、货币量调控。随着经验的积累,政策工具选择的侧重点越来越突出,微调特征日益明显,调控效率总体上有显著提升。最后,本文给出相关政策建议。