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1.
By stressing the substantial continuity of vision between John Maynard Keynes’s early unpublished essays and his more mature writings, the paper discusses Keynes’s ethics and focuses on his thoughts about happiness. In particular, we emphasize the anti-utilitarianism of Keynes’s vision and his belief that material wealth is but a precondition to enjoy the possibilities of a good life, and direct attention to problems of incommensurability raised by the multidimensional nature of happiness as considered by Keynes. We then argue that the rediscovery of Keynes’s legacy in this respect may be a precious counterweight to the most controversial aspects of today’s happiness research. 相似文献
2.
Happiness and relational goods: well-being and interpersonal relations in the economic sphere 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The present paper provides an introduction to this special issue devoted to Happiness and Relational Goods. We start by presenting a few concepts that have recently appeared in the economic literature with the aim of capturing some
of the peculiarities of personalised interactions. We claim that these concepts can be subsumed fairly well under the concept
of ‘relational goods’. We then review the recent empirical literature on happiness and relational goods. Finally, we briefly
introduce the papers contained in this special issue by outlining their respective contributions. 相似文献
3.
George Liagouras 《New Political Economy》2019,24(5):659-677
The paper argues that Durkheim’s positions on happiness and socialism are relevant in today’s neoliberal and post-affluent societies. Durkheim dissociates happiness from economic progress and makes it contingent upon the relationships between the individual and society. An important component of Durkheimian happiness is the dynamic equilibrium between desires and means. Therefore, his friendly criticism of the socialist project is that it promises to fulfil the desires that were released by a disembedded market economy. Durkheim’s point helps us to understand why the social democratic promise was broken and how the neoliberal imperatives of competition and unlimited wants sow unhappiness. 相似文献
4.
Consider a population of farmers who live around a lake. Each farmer engages in trade with his two adjacent neighbors. The
trade is governed by a prisoner’s dilemma ‘rule of engagement.’ A farmer’s payoff is the sum of the payoffs from the two prisoner’s
dilemma games played with his two neighbors. When a farmer dies, his son takes over. The son decides whether to cooperate
or defect by considering the actions taken and the payoffs received by the most prosperous members of the group comprising
his own father and a set of his father’s neighbors. The size of this set, which can vary, is termed the ‘span of information.’
It is shown that a larger span of information can be detrimental to the stable coexistence of cooperation and defection, and
that in well-defined circumstances, a large span of information leads to an end of cooperation, whereas a small span does
not. Conditions are outlined under which, when individuals’ optimization is based on the assessment of less information, the
social outcome is better than when optimization is based on an assessment of, and a corresponding response to, more information. 相似文献
5.
Niclas Berggren 《Constitutional Political Economy》2009,20(2):139-159
In the main, Hayek favored rules that apply equally to all and located such rules in tradition, beyond conscious construction.
This led Hayek to attack Keynes’s immoralism, i.e., the position that one should be free to choose how to lead one’s life
irrespective of the informal institutions in place. However, it is argued here that immoralism may be compatible with Hayek’s
enterprise since Hayek misinterpreted Keynes, who did not advocate the dissolving of all informal rules for everybody. By
avoiding this misinterpretation, immoralism can be seen as institutional experimentation at the margin, which Hayek himself
favored.
相似文献
Niclas BerggrenEmail: |
6.
In the (1936) preface to the German edition of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Keynes contrasts his methodology with that of Classical laissez-faire economics. He also compares and contrasts his methodology
with German economics, which members of the German Historical School had heavily influenced. Unfortunately, some view Keynes
as arguing in this Preface that his theory could more deductively apply to fascism than to laissez-faire economies. This would
suggest an endorsement of Nazism. Of course, any support offered for Nazism should be condemned. However, instead of displaying
Nazi sympathies, this paper argues that the Preface more likely supports the widespread methodological rejection in German
economics of deducing laissez-faire outcomes from Classical postulates. Furthermore, Keynes criticizes the more inductive
approach of many German economists, and states that he provides them with the theoretical framework which they could deductively
apply to their totalitarian economy. Keynes should be read as arguing that his theoretical framework would prove more applicable
to a totalitarian system than would a theory based on Classical laissez-faire economics. Comments in the Preface which seem
to some to support Nazism should be taken, then, as support for the applicability of his theory to such a system. Keynes’
methodological arguments in the prefaces to the other editions, which reflect his overall methodological approach in the General Theory, his familiarity with German economics, his support for liberal economic and political institutions, and his anti-Nazism,
all support this alternative interpretation. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Midwest Economics Association
Meetings in Chicago on March 16, 2008. 相似文献
7.
Consider a population of farmers who live around a lake. Each farmer engages in trade with his m adjacent neighbors, where m is termed the “span of interaction.” Trade is governed by a prisoner’s dilemma “rule of engagement.” A farmer’s payoff is
the sum of the payoffs from the m prisoner’s dilemma games played with his m/2^m/_2 neighbors to the left, and with his m/2^m/_2 neighbors to the right. When a farmer dies, his son takes over. The son who adheres to his father’s span of interaction decides
whether to cooperate or defect by considering the actions taken and the payoffs received by the most prosperous member of
the group comprising his father and his father’s m trading partners. Under a conventional structure of payoffs, it is shown that a large span of interaction is detrimental
to the long-run coexistence of cooperation and defection, and conditions are provided under which the social outcome associated
with the expansion of trade when individuals trade with a few is better than that when they trade with many. Under the stipulated
conditions it is shown, by means of a static comparative analysis of the steady state configurations of the farmer population,
that an expansion of the market can be beneficial in one context, detrimental in another. 相似文献
8.
Joseph T. Salerno 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(1):1-16
Carl Menger pioneered a unique theoretical research method which served as the foundation of the early Austrian school of
economics. Menger’s causal-realist analysis was revived and formalized just before and after World War 2 by Ludwig von Mises
as the “praxeological method.” Murray Rothbard, a student of von Mises’, utilized the method in formulating a comprehensive
system of economic theory in his treatise, Man Economy, and State published in the early 1960s. Rothbard’s treatise became the foundational work for the “Austrian revival” in the 1970s. In
this paper, we address several issues related to the role of Menger’s method in modern economics. First, ample evidence is
adduced that von Mises and Rothbard each expressed a surprising ambivalence with respect to his own work in relation to the
early Austrian school. Second, von Mises viewed Rothbard’s treatise as beginning a new epoch in economic theory. Third, contrary
to the conventional view, a careful analysis of his treatise shows that Rothbard drew heavily on the contemporary neoclassical
literature in developing his theoretical system and that his intent was never to set up a heterodox movement to challenge
mainstream economics. Rather, his main aim was to consistently apply the praxeological method to rescue economics from what
he considered the alien methodology of positivism, which was imported into economics after World War 2. Lastly, I will tentatively
suggest that the term “Austrian economics” as the designation for the intellectual movement that coalesced in the early 1970s
may now have outlived its usefulness. This term, which initially served an important strategic purpose in promoting the revival
of the broad Mengerian tradition, may have come to obscure the meaning and importance of the praxeological research paradigm
that Menger originated. 相似文献
9.
Dwight R. Lee 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2009,11(1):1-21
I accept the broad findings of happiness studies on the longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships between income and
happiness, and argue that standard demand curve analysis is inconsistent with those findings. This inconsistency is overcome
with a simple dynamic modification to the standard demand curve that assumes the psychological adaptation to consuming a good
is captured by declining values of inframarginal units. I argue that this modification is consistent with two evolutionary
considerations related to happiness and that it has interesting implications for such things as anticipation and happiness,
apparent anomalies in discounting the future, the connection between World War II and the end of the Great Depression, and
the possibility of increasing our happiness by moderating our consumption.
相似文献
10.
Mikhail Filippov 《Constitutional Political Economy》2005,16(2):93-111
Forty years since its publication, William Riker’s Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (1964) remains one of the most
influential volumes on the politics of federalism. However, in assessing Riker’s federal theory, scholars tend to focus on
the specific hypotheses, the famous claim that the “military threat” constitutes a necessary condition for federal success,
and upon rejecting the validity of that claim, by association, quickly dismiss the general theoretical argument. But Riker’s
federal theory does much more for our understanding of federalism as a form of government than simply connect, rightly or
not, federal success with the presence of a military threat. In the paper I argue that the most innovative feature of Riker’s
analysis, defining for his contribution to the field and accountable for the emergence of new and original insights was the
successful application for the first time of the principle of methodological individualism to institutional and constitutional
analysis. Riker’s theory of federalism, when viewed in the context of his intellectual contribution to the studies of democratic
institutions, is, indeed, the original point of departure. In the paper, I review Riker’s theory of federalism as embedded
in and an integral part of his broader theory of democratic institutions, in order to highlight some of its merits that remained
underappreciated until current research has generated the conceptual framework consistent with Riker’s insights. Second, I
draw some implications from Riker’s theory for the contemporary challenges of federal constitutional design.
For correspondence: filippov@artsci.wustl.edu
JEL classification: H77, K1 相似文献
11.
We examine the association between various components of consumption expenditure and happiness in the Health and Retirement
Study (HRS), a nationally representative sample of older Americans. We find that only one component of consumption is positively
related to happiness—leisure consumption. In contrast, consumption of durables, charity, personal care, food, health care,
vehicles, and housing are not significantly associated with happiness. Second, we find that leisure consumption is associated
with higher levels of happiness partially through its effect on social connectedness, as indexed by measures of loneliness
and embeddedness in social networks. On one hand, these results counter the conventional wisdom that “material goods can’t
buy happiness.” One the other hand, they underscore the importance of social goods and social connectedness in the production
of happiness. 相似文献
12.
This study investigates the effect of unemployed individuals’ happiness on their future labor market outcomes. It therefore acknowledges the possibility that happiness could also be a driver of behavior and influence life's outcomes. I use rich survey data from 2007 to 2009 of entrants into unemployment in Germany (the IZA Evaluation Dataset S) to calculate residual happiness, which displays higher (or lower) satisfaction levels than would be predicted by a number of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. I find a statistically significant inverted U-shaped effect of residual happiness on an unemployed individual's future reemployment probability and reentry wage, even after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, labor market histories and future job prospects. Further investigation offers three mechanisms that have not been previously shown in this context: (a) happiness is mainly a predictor for exit into self-employment rather than regular employment; (b) only male unemployed experience an effect of happiness on reemployment; and (c) the concept of locus of control and the personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion are main drivers of the baseline effect on regular reemployment and are able to explain the effect on reemployment for males. 相似文献
13.
John S. Chipman 《International Review of Economics》2006,53(4):451-475
This paper provides explanations for Pareto’s apparently contradictory approach to demand theory in simultaneously insisting
that measurability of utility is not needed to explain the equilibrium of consumers in competitive markets, and embracing
concavifiability and thus measurability of utility when this implies restrictions on consumers’ behavior such as the law of
demand. It also treats his method of calibrating an aggregate demand function by employing his law of income distribution,
so as to reproduce “Gregory King’s law”. Finally, some disputed issues are dealt with concerning the nature of Pareto’s contributions
to welfare economics. (JEL: B13, D11, D60). 相似文献
14.
Maximising Happiness? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The measurement of individual happiness challenges the notion that revealed preferences only reliably and empirically reflect individual utility. Reported subjective well-being is a broader concept than traditional decision utility; it also includes concepts like experience and procedural utility. Micro- and macroeconometric happiness functions offer new insights on determinants of life satisfaction. However, one should not leap to the conclusion that happiness should be maximized, as was suggested for social welfare function maximization. In contrast, happiness research strengthens the validity of an institutional approach, such as reflected in the theory of democratic economic policy. 相似文献
15.
This paper reproduces a lecture given by Joan Robinson to theBritish Council at the end of the Second World War. This lecturehas not previously been published. The introduction sets itin historical perspective and outlines its significance. Thisis an important document representing, as it does, the thoughtsof a prominent member of Keyness circle (in Cambridge)at the time. 相似文献
16.
James F. Henderson 《Forum for Social Economics》1998,28(1):23-34
The Ricardian economists’ famous model of economic growth employed the Malthusian population doctrine, the law of diminishing
returns, and the classical or iron law of wages. This analysis was based on utilitarian moral philosophy. The gloomy Stationary
State conclusions of the Ricardian growth model — maldistribution of income and widespread poverty — were challenged by both
economists and moral philosophers. A particularly important challenge was that offered by William Whewell (1794–1866), Professor
of Moral Philosophy and the dominant figure at the University of Cambridge. Whewell is remembered today for his early contributions
to mathematical economics. This article begins with a review of the Ricardian growth model. Next, Whewell’s system of moral
philosophy is examined and the scientific and religious basis of Whewell’s antagonism to Ricardian economics is considered.
After considering Whewell’s treatment of agricultural progress, economic classes, and rent doctrine, his own model of economic
growth is analyzed. Finally, Whewell’s appraisal of the duty of government to those harmed by development is explored. 相似文献
17.
Patrick J. Welch 《Forum for Social Economics》2000,29(2):61-74
Thomas Carlyle’s criticism of economics goes far beyond his epithet, “Dismal Science.” One aspect of economics that attracted
his attention was its use of numbers in both theories and empiricisms. Here is explored his attacks on economist’s use of
arithmetic in explaining human behavior, and statistics in addressing the condition of the working class. 相似文献
18.
Mark D. White 《Forum for Social Economics》2010,39(1):53-60
This note points out a neglected parallel between the philosophies of Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant related to their views
on self-interest, morality, and society. First, I explain the distinction between Kant’s perfect and imperfect duties, and
how they result from his moral philosophy. Next, I summarize Smith’s two major perspectives on human behavior, as presented
in The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations, and discuss the apparent conflict between them. Finally, I use Kant’s two types of duties, along with his concept of the
kingdom of ends, to explicate my interpretation of the relationship between Smith’s two strains of thought. By explaining
these dual aspects of Kant’s ethical system in relation to Smith, I hope to give a new perspective on the apparent duality
in Smith’s thought, as well as help bring out the oft-neglected social aspects of Kant’s. 相似文献
19.
Tetsuo Yamamori Kazuhiko Kato Toshiji Kawagoe Akihiko Matsui 《Experimental Economics》2008,11(4):336-343
We conducted a laboratory experiment to study the effects of communication in a dictator game, while maintaining subjects’
anonymity. In the experiment, the recipient has an opportunity to state a payoff-irrelevant request for his/her share before
the dictator dictates his/her offer. We found that the independence hypothesis that voice does not matter is rejected. In
particular, if the request is for less than half of the pie, the dictator’s offer increases as the recipient’s request increases.
Additionally, there is no dictator who is other-regarding and, at the same time, does not react to the recipient’s request.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
20.
Nattavudh Powdthavee 《Empirical Economics》2010,39(1):77-92
There is a long tradition of psychologists finding small income effects on life satisfaction (or happiness). Yet the issue
of income endogeneity in life satisfaction equations has rarely been addressed. The present paper is an attempt to estimate
the causal effect of income on happiness. Instrumenting for income and allowing for unobserved heterogeneity result in an
estimated income effect that is almost twice as large as the estimate in the basic specification. The results call for a reexamination
on previous findings that suggest money buys little happiness, and a reevaluation on how the calculation of compensatory packages
to various shocks in the individual’s life events should be designed. 相似文献