中国宏观经济形势与政策:2011年-2012年

2011年,中国经济继续复苏,在保持快速增长的同时成功去除通货膨胀长期化趋势。2012年,中国经济应该继续实行积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策,通过适应性的需求管理,促进总体经济景气的完全正常化而最终实现从萧条到繁荣的经济周期形态转换。在未来相当长时期中,中国经济仍然具有在价格稳定条件下快速增长的潜在能力。中国宏观经济管理应该采取乐观经济增长预期与积极需求管理模式相配合的政策原则,并且与高储蓄—高投资—高增长的经济发展模式相一致,形成以国内投资需求管理为轴心的财政政策和货币政策框架。     

储蓄过剩时代的宏观政策选择

中国经济增长已从供给约束型转化为需求约束型，私人部门消费不足和投资不足导致的储蓄过剩成为其宏观经济运行的基本特征。储蓄过剩降低了货币的流动性，削弱了货币政策对产出的影响，使经济增长更加依赖财政赤字和进出口贸易，也使贸易政策和财政政策面临两难选择。为维持总量平衡，保持适度的经济增长，政府应充分发挥宏观调控的作用。具体而言，运用财政政策改善供给、增加消费；运用货币政策实现货币稳定和金融稳定，促进储蓄向投资的转化。     

2003年中国货币政策：评论意见与调整建议

稳定取向、积极操作、市场原则1998年以来,我国政府确立了扩大国内需求的长期政策指导方针,坚持实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策,拉动了国有投资需求与非国有投资需求、投资需求与消费需求以及国内需求与国外需求,有效促进了经济增长。从2002年起,中国经济增长速度逐季加速,经济景气强劲复苏,重新进入经济周期扩张阶段。2003年,中国经济继续稳步扩张,即使受非预期的非典疫情的负面影响,仍然表现出高经济增长与低通货膨胀相配合的良好格局。预计2004年,中国经济景气将能够实现从经济萧条到经济繁荣的经济周期形态转换,即实际GDP增长速…     

对中国高储蓄率的思考

高的储蓄率，高的储蓄投资转化率，有利于经济增长。但高的储蓄率，低的储蓄投资转化率，则不利于经济的增长。在目前，我国储蓄向投资转化效率低下，且改善时间较长的前提下，降低储蓄率，扩大需求是短期内发挥我国经济增长潜能的一个理性选择。     

居民储蓄增速高于收入10万亿元存款为何不花--对高储蓄率引发的思考

城乡居民收入增长速度慢于储蓄存款增速，高的储蓄率，高的储蓄投资转化率，有利于经济增长，但高的储蓄率，低的储蓄投资转化率，则不利于经济的增长。目前，在我国储蓄向投资转化效率低下，且需要较长时间进行改善的前提下，降低储蓄率，扩大需求是短期内发挥我国经济增长潜能的一个理性选择。     

中国国际收支失衡分析与策略研究

中国25年的国际收支数据表明其经常项目和资本项目多年呈现双顺差。中国国际收支失衡是内部结构发展不均衡以及全球产业结构调整因素相互作用的结果。中国国内储蓄长期大于国内投资,并非投资率太低,而是收入分配导致的消费不足。而国内储蓄居高不仅在于居民储蓄率过高,更在于政府储蓄和企业储蓄的迅速增长,各部门储蓄之间不能相互替代以及人口红利也是国内储蓄居高的重要原因。中国国际收支失衡的结构,映射出中国针对投资拉动型经济模式带来的效率下降和需求不足采取的外需驱动型经济增长模式,虽有助于中国经济增长、增加国内就业等,但其负面作用日益凸现,如外部不利因素增多、增长模式具有脆弱性以及庞大外汇储备带来的巨大机会成本和汇率风险等。建议促进经济结构由出口主导向内需主导的转型,提升中国在国际产业分工链上的层次;改革收入分配制度,提高民众财富在整体财富中的占比;增加政府的公共支出,关注社会保障、社会公平以及环保等问题,促进可持续发展。     

中国居民储蓄规模高增长的成因分析与政策建议

近年来,随着中国经济的高增长、伴随而来的是中国的高储蓄率,这其中,中国居民储蓄规模持续多年的高增长,让人关注与担忧。但伴随着中国经济不断转型与结构升级,大量的居民储蓄规模逐渐凸显了其负面效应,如储蓄的高增长加大了银行的压力,会更容易形成银行的系统性风险,我国经济中存在的投资率过高、较多依赖出口、消费率偏低等问题的基本原因,也是因为我国储蓄率过高。随后本文分析了居民储蓄规模持续多年高增长的各种因素,并在结尾处给出了相关的政策建议。     

金融海啸与中国经济

30年的改革开放．使中国经济深深融入了全球化的进程。前20年．中国有效利用了发达国家特别是美国储蓄不足的特点．采取出口导向政策．用大量的出口需求弥补由粗放发展方式造成的消费需求不足．实现了长时期的高速增长。然而，近年来出口导向政策未能及时作出调整．使外汇存底大量增加．而外汇占款的大量增加和流动性泛滥使得中国金融体系出现了大量泡沫。     

滞后效应、多重均衡与反向软着陆:中国需求管理经验

本文初步探索本次经济扩张时期中国需求管理经验的宏观经济学意义。中国经济的准AK增长模型与制造期投资模型,使得实际经济增长具有投资驱动特征而实际国民收入具有滞后效应。面临容纳滞后效应的修正形式中国菲利普斯曲线,保守型需求管理政策形成多重国民收入均衡状态,而进取型需求管理政策形成单一国民收入均衡状态,并且能够通过微撞操作而实现中国经济均衡调整的反向软着陆。     

保持国民经济持续快速增长：重要任务是稳定投资

目前投资高涨的主要原因是中国经济正处于一个经济结构剧烈变动的时期。这种剧烈变动主要来自于需求的革命性变化：一是人均收入的提高以及由此引致的消费结构的升级；二是城市化的加速。要保持中国经济的稳定和高增长，必须维持投资的稳定。在金融机制和配套政策方面，提高直接融资的比重和发展拥有长期资金来源的金融机构，是改变我国储蓄与投资期限错配以及投资活动中风险分担机制严重失衡的有效途径。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.