基于低碳经济的武汉市生态足迹与生态承载力时序特征分析

在低碳经济发展背景下,研究区域土地的生态足迹与生态承载力,探索区域可持续发展路径对促进生态文明发展、建设资源节约和环境友好型社会具有重要意义。以改进的生态足迹模型为基础,对武汉市2001-2010年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行测算和分析。结果表明:2001-2010年武汉市生产性生态足迹较大,碳足迹剧烈增加;可使用的生态承载力总体呈下降趋势;武汉市一直处于严重的生产性生态赤字,其发展模式处于不可持续的状态。因此,武汉市应调整发展战略,将低碳经济与土地的可持续利用相结合,促进区域经济、社会和环境的可持续发展。     

基于生态足迹模型的广西农业可持续发展评价

[目的]目前将生态足迹模型应用于农业领域的研究较少,文章将其应用于广西农业可持续发展能力评价中,以期对广西农业发展提供借鉴。[方法]将生态足迹模型应用于农业领域生态可持续发展分析,将广西农业生物生产性土地面积划分为耕地、林地、草地、和水域用地,以2007—2016年广西农业数据为依据,分别计算其农产品、林产品、水产品及畜牧产品人均生态足迹及承载力。[结果](1)2007—2016年广西耕地和林地表现为生态盈余,草地和水域表现为生态赤字;(2)广西耕地、林地、草地和水域人均生态承载力总体上表现为下降趋势,而生态足迹持续上升,耕地和林地生态盈余能力逐渐减弱,可持续发展能力不容乐观;草地和水域生态赤字现象逐年加剧,可持续发展能力较差。[结论]目前广西农业生态承载力已经或将要无法满足人们对农产品的需求,广西农业可持续发展状况不容乐观,政府给予一定关注并采取相应措施十分必要。     

基于生态足迹的沿海地区生态承载力评价——以汕头市为例

利用生态足迹模型的理论与方法,研究2004-2008年汕头市生态承载力变化情况。结果表明,5年来汕头市人均生态足迹呈现下降趋势,人均生态承载力略有下降但变化不大,人均生态赤字也呈下降趋势。与同期其他城市对比表明,汕头市生态足迹相对较低。从生态供需结构看,化石能源用地对生态足迹贡献较大。应通过提高资源利用效率,减少废弃物排放,科学合理地进行国土规划,转变经济增长方式,优化产业结构,从而提高汕头市的生态承载力,促进该区域可持续发展。     

两型社会建设跨区域土地生态补偿

研究目的:以土地生态价值量为基础,结合生态足迹和生态承载力的理论和方法,探讨土地资源的跨区域生态补偿问题。研究方法:实证分析。研究结果:(1)生态补偿的价值量很大;(2)在选取的众多典型区域城市中,仅有东北老工业基地中的抚顺、齐齐哈尔和伊春生态补偿量为负值,即应该获得生态补偿,而其他城市都是正值,应该支付生态补偿。研究结论:要保护土地资源,促进土地资源可持续利用,就必须转变目前的补偿机制,确定合理的土地生态补偿标准。     

基于投入产出分析的河北省生态足迹评估

基于投入产出分析的生态足迹核算模型是目前国际生态承载力研究的热点模型之一。根据2002年河北省投入产出表,依照Bicknell的投入产出模型原理,采用Ferng改良的计算方法,对河北省经济的消费需求、流出、流入以及积累各项生产性土地占用和能源土地占用分别做出估算。结果表明:(1)河北省人均地区生态足迹高达4.15hm2,人均生态赤字达到2.41hm2,生态赤字率高达58.07%,可持续发展的能力值得重视;(2)河北省通过与区域外进行贸易实现了0.041467hm2的生产性土地顺差,贸易方式总体属于生态顺差型。     

东莞市区域土地生态安全空间差异分析

运用生态足迹模型计算了东莞市33个镇街的生态足迹和生态承载力,通过横向比较东莞市生态足迹在区域间的差异,分析了东莞市各镇街的土地生态安全状况,揭示了各镇街在可持续发展过程中存在的土地生态压力,为东莞市在经济社会双转型中制定土地发展战略提供参考和依据。     

基于生态足迹模型的河南省农业生态承载力动态评价

[目的]河南省是农业大国,研究其农业生态承载力可持续性不仅对河南省乃至全国都有重要意义。[方法]将生态足迹模型应用于农业领域生态可持续发展分析,将河南省农业生物生产性土地面积划分为耕地、林地、草地、水域用地,分别计算农产品、林产品、水产品及畜牧产品人均生态足迹及承载力。[结果]河南省人均耕地生态足迹由2007年的1.491hm2/人上升至2016年的2.164hm2/人,增长率45.10%,而人均耕地承载力却未出现同步增长,生态赤字不断加大。(2)2007年河南省草地人均生态足迹为0.101hm2/人,2016年上升至0.132hm2/人,增长率3.1%;而人均草地承载力却出现下降,下降率达26.2%,处于不可持续发展状态。(3)2007—2016年河南省水域人均生态足迹和人均水域承载力均未有太大变化。相比于耕地、林地和草地,其水域的供求差距最大。降低水域供求矛盾,提高水域及水产品利用效率是关键。(4)在农、林、牧、渔业中,河南省林地的人均生态足迹是唯一呈下降趋势的产业,2007年人均林地生态足迹为0.052hm2/人,2016年下降为0.046hm2/人,下降比率为11.54%;林地的人均生态承载力也是在4个产业中唯一出现增长的产业,上升比率为27.90%,但仍处于不可持续状态。[结论]2011—2016年河南省农业生态承载力严重不足,耕地保护、草地的确权及保护、提高水域及水产品利用效率、继续退耕还林是关键。     

柳州市1996-2005年生态足迹时间序列分析

在介绍生态足迹的概念及计算方法的基础上,利用相关统计资料,对1996-2005年柳州市生态足迹和生态承载力进行了计算与分析.研究结果表明,人均生态赤字由1996年的0.2094 hm2上升到2005年的1.5786 hm2,且有加速增长的趋势,目前的发展处于不可持续状态.结合柳州市实际,从能源、土地生态承载力、宏观政策及具体政策等方面提出了消减人均生态赤字的对策与建议.     

基于生态足迹模型的湖北省农业资源开发评估

[目的]农业资源是人类生存发展的重要物质基础,对维持社会经济的可持续发展具有主导作用。评估湖北省农业资源的开发利用状况,为今后统筹资源利用和社会经济协调提供理论依据,以期提出可行性建议。[方法]采用生态足迹模型,计算了2009—2015年湖北省的人均生态足迹和人均生态容量及生态赤字,分析了该省各土地利用类型的人均生态足迹组分变化和各项农业生物资源和能源资源的开发状况,对资源开发总体形势展开了评价。[结果] 2009—2013年湖北省人均生态足迹逐年递增,2014和2015年明显降低,但人均生态足迹远高于人均生态容量。能源用地、建筑用地和草地构成了湖北省人均生态足迹的主体,且开发强度呈上升趋势。其中,玉米、小麦、稻谷、蔬菜以及各类畜产品和水产品,部分能源资源的开发强度增强。[结论]湖北省对农业资源的开发已超过生态系统的供给能力,严重威胁到生态系统的稳态,土地资源的承载力面临较大压力。全省需要从改变消费和生产方式,调整产业结构,优化土地利用类型,合理布局土地利用规划,发展高效农业资源利用模式等方面入手,提高农业资源的开发效率,降低人均生态足迹,维持生态容量。保证全省休闲农业与乡村生态旅游事业健康发展。     

哈尔滨市土地利用变化及生态足迹分析

客观地评价城市土地利用变化程度.分析产生这种变化的原因并针对问题提出对策对促进城市土地可持续发展具有重要意义.运用生态足迹模型分析了哈尔滨市域所辖8区10县(市),1996-2006年土地利用生态足迹的动态变化.通过对生态足迹的测算,可以评估人类土地利用对社会所产生的影响及土地可持续利用的程度.研究结果表明,哈尔滨市人均生态足迹旱现逐年增加的趋势,而人均生态承载力逐年减少,人均生态赤字不断增加,哈尔滨市土地利用处于一种超负荷状态.最后,对哈尔滨市土地利用提出合理性的建议.     

Parking futures: Shared automated vehicles and parking demand reduction trajectories in Atlanta

The coming of automated vehicles (AVs) and Mobility-on-Demand (MoD services) is expected to reduce urban parking demand and correspondingly alter the urban parking landscape in a significant way. Multiple modeling efforts have already demonstrated that Shared AVs (SAVs) have promising potential to decrease urban parking demand. However, previous studies have only examined SAV parking demand at one point in time, with various market penetrations. It remains unclear what the demand reduction trajectory will be like during the transition period when there is a mix of SAVs, Privately-Owned AVs (PAVs), Shared Conventional Vehicles (SCVs), and Conventional Private Vehicles (CPVs). This study fills this gap by developing an agent-based simulation model to examine the spatially and temporally explicit parking reduction trends with mixed travel modes from 2020–2040. The results indicate that in the most optimal AV and MoD adoption scenario, the parking demand will decrease by over 20% after 2030, especially in core urban areas. Meanwhile, the parking demand in residential zones may double, which could lead to transportation equity concerns. Additionally, parking relocation may also induce environmental issues by generating a considerable amount of empty Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT). To reap the benefits brought by AVs and MoD systems and to mitigate the accompanying social and environmental issues, our results suggest that proactive policymakers in the next decade will need to modify land use regulations for both new developments and existing parking infrastructure in commercial and residential zones, as well as update travel demand management policies.     

Are farms in less favored areas less efficient?

This article investigates farm technical efficiency (TE) and the effect of heterogeneity on production among farms using the Slovenian Farm Accountancy Data Network sample of farms in the period 2007–2013. We model production technology with a random parameter model that allows us to examine both the direct effect of heterogeneity on production and the indirect effect through the interaction of unobserved heterogeneity with time and input variables. Additionally, we consider intersectoral heterogeneity among types of farming. Results confirm the importance of all these sources of heterogeneity. The second contribution of the article is that, in addition to using conventional statistical methods, we examine the differences between less favored area (LFA) and non‐LFA farms using matching techniques. Results indicate that there is only a minor and statistically nonsignificant difference in TE between these groups. However, the difference is highly significant in terms of heterogeneity and technology. In other words, results show that farms in LFAs are not more inefficient but rather use different, production–environment‐specific technologies. These findings call attention to the fact that omitting the effect of heterogeneity on production technology leads to biased TE estimates and, in turn, leads to potentially imperfect policy choices.     

Negotiation issues in forming public–private partnerships for brownfield redevelopment: Applying a game theoretical experiment

The redevelopment of a brownfield can provide a range of societal, environmental but also economic benefits for a number of entities. In the Netherlands (and elsewhere), public–private partnerships are common practice for such projects, because of two main reasons. First, limitations to public funding have led governments to invite the private sector into various long-term arrangements for capital-intensive projects. Second, a comprehensive approach for the whole brownfield area may be more efficient and profitable, compared to piecemeal development via interventions by individual owners. This article investigates, with respect to brownfield redevelopment, the interaction behavior of two key parties in forming partnerships: the municipality and a private developer. It is assumed that, apart from their mutual interest to redevelop the brownfield area, they will have different interests as well. In order to indicate their specific interest and the negotiation outcome regarding the forming of a public private partnership, this paper makes use of an experimental game theory approach. Three specific negotiation issues were analyzed in our research: a building claim, future land use and reparcelling of the land. In addition, this paper suggests an eight-step procedure to conduct a game theoretical experiment. A survey was conducted in order to gather the required data for the experiment. The data have been used to estimate the payoffs variations between the two key parties in the mentioned negotiation games. Finally, by comparing sub game perfect Nash equilibrium generated game outcomes and direct expected outcomes of respondents, this paper experimentally proves that the game theoretical analysis provides a valid representation of a real world brownfield redevelopment negotiation within the Dutch institutional-economic context. The outcome of the experiment confirms the Dutch tradition of public private partnerships in urban development practice, with public and private bodies willing to share financial risks and returns in these projects.     

采用MIGIS和PRA进行哈尼族贫困地区的村落规划

采用交互式可移动地理信息系统和参与性农村评估方法对云南省绿春县巴东乡的哈尼族村寨进行了研究。通过与村民一起绘制不同年代的资源图 ,并一同分析过去 1 0年中造成森林减少的原因及其与贫困的关系 ,尤其通过计算机直观模拟森林变化的情况 ,使村民认识到他们目前所面临的环境问题 ,从而促使他们自发地制定出改善本村环境质量的行动方案     

Potentialities for a regional public participation framework in Asia: An environmental assessment perspective

This study attempts to investigate the potential to develop a regional framework of public participation (PP) in environmental assessments (EA) within Asia. In so-doing, this paper examines the status quo of public participation in EA within Asia from a legislative point of view. The existing situation of EA in Asia is first examined, followed by an analysis on the status and challenges of PP within the region’s environmental assessments. Eight Asian countries subject for this research have all implemented EA at different degrees, yet challenges of enforcement remain. Possible solutions to these challenges are to first improve and standardize the legal framework and implementation mechanism in each individual country, as a first step leading to a transboundary framework in Asia. PP within EA is legally defined in some countries, but it is not widely practiced. Multi-stakeholder process is suggested as a potential tool that comprehensively covers the components necessary for PP promotion. There are information gaps between countries, which could be improved by creating a regional agency governing information exchange. Limited collaboration among countries, likewise, could be improved by bilateral or multilateral environmental agreements.     

Does organic farming (OF) work in favour of protecting the natural environment? A case study from Poland

Organic farming (OF) is a management system that is closely linked with the quality of the natural environment since it should, besides producing organic food, constitutes a protective factor for all components of that natural environment. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to answer the following question: Does organic farming (OF) protect the natural environment? In order to achieve this goal it was essential to determine what kinds of natural and non-environmental factors have the largest influence on the development of OF in Poland, and to assess the significance of these factors in the spatial diversification of the regional density of organic farms. The analysis was carried out on the basis of data from 2012 comprising 2074 communes, including both rural communes (1563) and urban-rural ones (511). The research results indicated the weaknesses of the organic farming policy (OFP) with respect to the functioning of OF in Poland in the years 2007–2013. The results also show that the development of OF in Poland mainly depends on the system of financial support, i.e. one that either encourages farmers to change the manner of production to a more environmentally friendly one, or one that has an impact on their decision to resign from production using ecological methods. Moreover, as our research has proved, OF is not always developed in places where it should be a priority because of the suitable conditions of the natural environment.     

Public support effect on natural disaster management: A case study of ice storms in forests in Slovenia

In the last decade Slovenia has experienced more frequent natural disasters in forests. The most severe and widespread one that affected Slovenian forests, which cover more than a half of Slovenian territory, was a large-scale ice storm in early February 2014. This study aims to investigate the effect of the public support on the recovery of forest farms affected by the 2014 ice storm. Analyses focus particularly on the ability of Slovenian forest farms’ income recovery in a short-time period. The economic resilience of forest farms in the absence of forest disaster payments due to the absence of legal certainty for disaster aid in 2014 and 2015 provides an interesting framework for identifying the income effect of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) payments. The Farm Accountancy Data Network has been used with applied statistical and regression methods to estimate the public support effect on selected woodland area size samples. Results suggest a positive effect of CAP payments on farm income recovery. The magnitude of the effect is high and significant for the less favoured area and disaster payments that were given for farm production loss in the 2013 drought. Although the magnitude of the effect is weak, investment payments show a significant positive effect on farm income recovery for all studied forest farm samples.     

Economic development and farmland protection: An assessment of rewarded land conversion quotas trading in Zhejiang,China

Facing a substantial loss of farmland in the reform era, the Chinese central government established a highly centralized land management system in 1998 to guarantee its capacity to meet the domestic food needs. In order to maintain high-speed economic growth, local governments in China made great efforts to circumvent the stringent constraint on land use by launching various innovative land management schemes, among which Zhejiang's rewarded land conversion quotas (RLCQ) trading scheme, a program similar to the transfer of development rights (TDR) in Western countries, has attracted a lot of policy and scholarly attention. In this research, we first provide an overview of China's farmland protection policy and the RLCQ trading scheme in Zhejiang Province. Then, using the system GMM estimator for economic growth models and a panel dataset of 69 local jurisdictions in Zhejiang Province covering the period of 1989–2008, we assess the impacts of RLCQ trading on local economic growth. The empirical results corroborate our hypotheses that participation in land quota trading in general led to faster local economic growth, and that the trading had a stronger and more lasting impact on the economic growth of the quota buyers than on that of the sellers. The analysis suggests that in order to balance the competing goals of economic development and farmland protection, market-based land management tools have a good potential for further development in China and other countries confronting similar challenges.     

2004年全国美国白蛾疫区的非经济损失评估

基于天津、辽宁、河北因美国白蛾入侵而造成的非经济损失案例研究,评估2004年美国白蛾造成的全国非经济损失总量,合计为140.35亿元,平均为11.99万元/hm2,并利用CLIMEX软件进行分析推算,得到了美国白蛾在我国的可能生存区为29省(市、区)346县(市),潜在的非经济损失将达到139 280亿元。     

内蒙古达赉湖国家级自然保护区狼捕食家畜现状

2004-07～2005-06,在内蒙古达赉湖国家级自然保护区嘎拉达白辛站考察,监测狼的种群波动,并对狼害的情况进行评估;结果表明:自然食物的匮乏导致狼在冬季大量捕食家畜,造成人狼矛盾激化,人类捕杀成为狼致死的主要因素;建议改变目前的放牧方式,重引入当地的一些原生物种,补充狼的自然食物,以缓解狼对家畜的捕食压力。