发展出口信用保险 促进我国对外贸易

出口信用保险是一国政府为企业扩大出口提供风险保障的政策性手段 ,并且为WTO体制所允许。我国加入WTO后 ,面临更加激烈的国际竞争 ,发展及完善出口信用保险 ,有利于提高出口企业国际竞争力 ,促进我国对外贸易的发展。     

国际官方出口信用机构发展经验及对我国的启示

出口信用保险是国际贸易中广泛应用的重要金融工具,在推动外贸稳定增长方面作用显著。日本、韩国、美国官方出口信用机构的发展经验表明,坚持服务国家战略需要和支持社会发展需要是官方出口信用机构实现可持续稳健发展的基础和前提。结合中国出口信用保险机构的发展历程,从逆周期调节、开发引导市场、扶持小微企业、服务国家战略四个方面阐述中国信保政策性履职情况,并从制度建设、理念创新、同业合作等方面提出推进我国出口信用保险更高质量发展的对策建议。     

出口信用保险:国际趋势、形势判断与发展对策

出口信用保险是WTO规则允许成员国政府使用的为数不多的鼓励出口的工具之一,对加入世界贸易组织后逐渐全面开放的中国具有极其重要的意义。20世纪90年代以来,发达国家出口信用保险业务私有化及商业化进程加快,商业性信用保险逐步成为整个出口信用保险体系中的主体,与此同时,出现了出口信用保险的国际化扩张趋势,实现了广泛的出口信用保险的产品与机制创新。因此,应当客观分析出口信用保险的国际发展趋势,借鉴国际经验,推动中国出口信用保险的发展。     

Export Credit Agency Activities in Developing Countries

International trade has been considered one of the main reasons for wealth increase in many countries. In the past, more developed countries were able to reach their current prevailing economic conditions mainly by exporting to less developed countries, especially through capital goods and by financing local projects. More recently, the pendulum has swung in the direction of the developing world, especially toward China and South Korea in East Asia, Brazil and Argentina in Latin America, and Hungary and Turkey in Europe. All of these countries have their particular financial and macro-economic pros and cons, but they have in common an export-driven approach. As exportation requires financing, the capabilities of banking systems and institutionalized export credit agencies have become increasingly important since they enhance these countries’ ability to take part in world trade. In this study, individual country facts and financial systems are analyzed in economic terms, and the support of the export credit agencies will also be evaluated.     

出口信用保险影响下的出口贸易高质量发展研究——以浙江省为例

在中美贸易摩擦日渐加剧的背景下,出口信用保险成为出口企业重要的避险工具,在出口企业转嫁出口风险、提高风控水平、补偿企业损失、优化资源配置等多方面发挥重要作用。文章采用2003-2016年浙江省出口贸易数据及保险数据（均不含宁波）,通过统计分析、构建理论模型及实证检验,试图进一步明确出口信用保险影响出口贸易的作用机制。研究结果表明：在出口信用保险计划下,国际信用评级的存在、投保概率的增加、对出口企业损失的赔偿均可增加浙江省企业的货款回收概率,从而优化出口资源配置、提高出口水平。实证检验证明了以上结论,并发现在面临金融危机时,浙江省出口信用保险对出口的促进作用尤为显著,随着金融危机影响的逐步减小,其作用依然显著。     

Domestic Credit and Export Diversification: Africa from a Global Perspective

ABSTRACT

As open economies, African countries need to diversify their exports for economic transformation, sustained growth, and development. Meanwhile, there has been increasing importance of development financing. Following the discussion of theoretical issues on the importance of domestic credit as a potential instrument for overcoming the liquidity constraint of developing countries, as in the case of Africa, this paper empirically explores the determinants of export diversification, with particular attention to domestic credit. The estimation is based on a five-year panel regression analysis for the 1962–2010 period involving 80 countries around the world, of which 62 are developing and 29 African countries, using as covariates variables traditionally viewed as affecting export diversification. System GMM estimates provide robust evidence supporting the importance of domestic credit for African countries, while its role in other countries seems rather marginal. In addition, human capital in the form of schooling, governance as measured by constraint on the chief executive of government, and being land-locked, all exert significant effects, as anticipated, on export diversification among African countries. However, except for governance, appropriately controlling for the interactive effect of domestic credit with ‘Africa’ yields generally insignificant impacts of these variables, together with domestic credit, on export diversification in non-African countries. These results point to the dominant role of domestic credit in Africa vis-à-vis other countries globally.     

利用出口信用保险应对次贷危机对我国出口企业的影响

美国次贷危机爆发后,其信用风险向世界金融市场扩散,并对全球经济产生了负面影响。由于我国经济对美国出口的依存度较高,加之美国资金信贷风险的转嫁,次贷危机对我国外贸出口的影响已相当明显。出口信用保险是支持一国对外出口,帮助企业规避出口收汇风险的有力工具,特别是在宏观经济面临不利因素的情况下,出口企业应利用专业的风险管理机构保障自身的利益。     

论出口押汇及其法律性质

出口押汇是我国对外贸易中的一种重要货款结算方式,目前实务界对出口押汇的法律性质存在不同看法,甚至存在着模糊认识。本文认为,无论从国际惯例还是从国内相关法律的角度分析,出口押汇都应为一种票据转让关系或权利买卖关系,而且是一种附有较大程度清偿保证的票据转让关系。将出口押汇叙作质押关系或借款关系,不仅不符合有关信用证结算方面的国际通行惯例,也背离了我国《担保法》及《合同法》的相关规定,而且还因法律关系的混乱、操作程序的不规范较易引起有关当事人的纠纷,并使银行处于较为被动的局面。     

出口成本、信贷约束与企业出口

出口固定成本的存在将导致企业生产率的“自我选择”效应。如果存在出口信贷约束,信贷获取能力强的企业出口表现将优于信贷获取能力差的企业。本文利用世界银行调查数据,实证发现信贷约束限制企业出口,银行营运资金贷款和固定投资贷款对企业出口的影响存在非对称性。营运资金贷款对扩大出口集约边际和扩展边际的作用都很明显,而固定投资贷款仅仅扩大出口扩展边际。此外,对于财务脆弱的企业,银行信贷的出口促进作用更加显著。     

Public Export Credit Guarantees and Foreign Trade Structure: Evidence from Austria

Foreign trade is usually not based on cash transactions, but rather sales on credit are the rule. The resulting monitoring costs for lenders and the risk of default on accounts receivable are part of the costs associated with cross‐border goods transactions. Relative to domestic trade credit, cross‐border credit creates trade barriers due to differences in language, business practice, jurisdiction and payment enforceability between trading partners. Export credit insurance has long been a domain of public export credit agencies. Only since the early 1980s private insurance is gaining ground. Using disaggregated panel data for goods exports from Austria over the period 1996 to 2002, we show that public export credit guarantees have a less than proportional positive effect on international trade volume. They predominantly affect the country structure of foreign trade but leave the industry specialisation almost unchanged.     

商业银行办理出口押汇存在的问题及对策

出口押汇是出口贸易中常见的短期融资方式之一,由于国内尚无专门规范出口押汇的法律制度,各商业银行对该项业务的理解和操作存在一定的差异,在操作中出现了诸如绕规模发放贷款;将打包贷款当做出口押汇;审查不严,造成国家退税款流失等问题。对此,商业银行应强化宏观金融意识,严格按法律要求操作,同时加大对人才管理和培训的力度,加强银行垫款资金的管理,加强各种单据和申请人资格的审查,及时核销银行垫款。     

异质性生产率、货款回收与中国企业出口

采用2005-2008年东三省持续存在的8 932家企业面板数据,本文检验了生产率和货款回收因素在出口中的作用,发现出口企业的全要素生产率、货款回收率都高于非出口企业,这说明该地区并不存在出口"生产率悖论;"高生产率和规避国内账款回收困难是企业出口的决定因素,通过对应收账款的内生性分析发现这一结果是稳健的;企业所有制性质、企业规模也会促进出口,而利润和企业成立年限对出口的影响并不显著。因此,提升企业效率、改善企业运行机制、健全社会信用制度是我国亟待解决的现实问题。     

我国出口结算与信用业务发展的制度障碍分析

我国出口结算与信用业务目前仍以传统业务为主,严重滞后于国际盛行的结算业务。本文从制度因素入手,从制度需求和制度供给两方面阐述了造成国际结算业务发展缓慢的根本原因。     

Export Performance of Brazilian States to Mercosul and Non-Mercosul Partners

ABSTRACT

We investigate the role of the trade-weighted real exchange rate and foreign income on the export performance of Brazilian states, differentiating between Mercosur and non-Mercosur partners. The results indicate that state exports are price and income inelastic. There are differences in the influence of the different trade factors between the two groups of partners. One crucial difference is the relevance of the real exchange rate effect for non-Mercosur partners. This might be associated with the existence of specific rules for Mercosur that can overcome the usual effect of relative competitiveness associated with movements in the real exchange rate.     

Export Market for Australian Beef Industry

Abstract

The aims of this paper are to examine the constraints and potentials for Australian beef industry on world export markets, and to identify the implications for other beef exporting countries. The survey of beef export constraints suggested that the effect of world beef price and cost of feed grains reduced beef export returns. The relative importance of these variables was tested using a linear regression model. The coefficients of these variables are statistically significant at 10 and 1 per cent levels, and the results suggest that world beef price and cost of feed grains are important determinants of Australian beef exports. The findings of this study also reveal that Australia is highly restricted in its access to world beef markets by the impact of rigid import controls, tariffs and other trade barriers including export subsidies provided by foreign countries for their own exports. Australia needs to give priority to diversification of export markets, particularly in the emerging markets in Africa, Asia, the Americas and the Middle East, where reduced tariff barriers are expected to improve market access. Australia also needs to increase productivity, improve cost efficiency, and undertake market research and promotion in order to be more competitive in the long run and to capture a sizeable market share from its major competitors.     

Trade-Related Training for Trainers in Export Development and Promotion in Africa

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to develop an appropriate training mechanism for the development of the export/international trade sectors in Sudan. One of the activity components identified was the training of trainers in exporting/international marketing in selected sectors. In an effort to develop the most useful export development training program, an intensive needs assessment study was undertaken. The results of the study suggest that groups of respondents who share similar characteristics can be identified and profiled, and based on similar levels knowledge and skills they will be subjected to an intensive type of short export development and promotion training. Upon receiving the necessary training, the trainers will then train trainees in the field of international trade and export development.     

出口企业信用证结算对国际惯例的适用与把握

信用证在国际贸易结算中扮演着重要角色。在信用证结算方式下,出口企业必须以国际惯例UCP600作为业务准则,善于充分利用其相对UCP500实质变动中对受益人的利好条款,并在信用证业务操作中把握其具体规定,以确保安全、及时、顺利地收取货款。     

我国高新技术产品出口的现状及对策

近年来,我国高新技术产品出口增势强劲,成为拉动全国出口贸易增长的新生力量。但我国高新技术产品出口还存在一些不合理问题,已经成为影响高新技术产业的长期健康发展的瓶颈。扩大我国高新技术产品出口,政府应实施优惠的信贷、税收政策,积极加大对高新技术产品的研发投入,努力提高产品科技含量,加快完善产品出口基地的合理布局,以推动我国产业结构的改进和总体经济增长方式的转变。     

金融危机对中国出口贸易的影响及对策

美国次贷危机引发金融危机,金融危机导致世界经济整体下滑。短期内,外部需求萎缩、国际原材料价格上涨和人民币升值导致的企业出口成本上升、国外银行信贷紧缩导致的国内企业资金周转能力下降以及贸易保护主义抬头等因素使得中国出口贸易增速明显下降。从中长期来看,外需明显萎缩是影响中国出口贸易增长的主要因素,预计2009年中国出口贸易增速将降为3.2%左右。     

出口退税政策对出口贸易的效应分析

本文通过实证分析认为,出口退税政策对出口规模和出口结构具有明显的影响效果,在短期内可将出口退税政策作为我国调节出口贸易的重要手段,但从长期看我国应通过转变出口增长方式和出口结构,以提高出口企业的核心竞争力,保持出口贸易稳定持续发展。