An overview of the securitization of SBA guaranteed loans originated by commercial banks

Securitization involves the repackaging of individual SBA Guaranteed loans made by financial institutions into pools of varying maturities for resale to intermediaries and final investors. Pool volume has been increasing at a rapid rate since the program's inception in 1985. National and regional investment companies, acting as intermediaries, are the major pool buyers. Investors in pools include banks, savings & loans associations, and pension funds. Securitization has resulted in a major secondary market for institutions that make SBA Guaranteed loans. Public policy goals are served by the increase in SBA lending activity that appears related to the securitization process.     

我国PPP项目集中落地期的资产证券化实践与探索

自2014年PPP项目的密集投资与建设开始,现阶段PPP项目已经进入集中落地与运营期,如何处理社会资本退出的问题,越发显得迫切。本文从公共财政与金融学的角度,总结了我国PPP模式的发展历程,分析了我国PPP项目资产证券化的特点。认为PPP资产证券化使地方公共建设与运营具有可持续性,并约束了地方政府在公共领域的过度投入;同时,PPP资产证券化导致风险"加速器"效应、社会资本方的"恶意退出"与PPP合作双方在证券市场上的"共谋"问题。针对以上问题,本文提出相应的政策建议。     

Unconventional monetary policy and the role of central banks

Over the last few years, central banks in industrial countries have undertaken a variety of policies that deviated from ordinary monetary policy. Why were these policies used? Did they work? What will be the effect of phasing them out? And what long-term concerns do they raise? Clearly, markets were broken, and there was a need to repair them. Some of these innovative instruments seemed to have worked quite well. But now central banks are struggling to get inflation up into their target bands. Large central bank balance sheets may create needed safe, short-term instruments, but take much liquidity management away from the private sector, while tempting governments to use them for other purposes. Sober thinkers need to examine the experience of the last few years and ask again, what should central banks be asked to do and what ought to be the range of actions they can take?     

Pre-retirees' assessment of housing adequacy and their propensity to move

The purpose of this study is to determine how adequate pre-retirees perceived their homes would be for retirement, and their propensity to move after retirement. This study assesses the relationships between certain socio-demographic variables and feelings and plans for retirement, current housing tenure and structure conditions of the home, the anticipated adequacy of the size of the current home for retirement, and the anticipated locational decision after retirement. Three hypothesized models were tested, each succeeding model adding another level, using the above variables. The hypothesized models were tested using logistic regression. Marital status and family income are statistically significant in the prediction of current housing tenure and structure conditions. The amount of planning for retirement, assessed by the respondent in comparison to others of similar age, is a significant predictor of anticipated satisfaction with the present dwelling at retirement. Anticipated satisfaction with the present dwelling at retirement and age are statistically significant in the prediction of likelihood of moving at retirement.     

Charting the pacific: an empirical assessment of integration initiatives

Trade negotiations after Uruguay may well be dominated by the Pacific Rim, where two free trade areas (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement, or AFTA; and North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA) already exist and larger agreements are under active discussion (involving the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, or APEC, area and an East Asian Economic Group). This article analyzes several initiatives using a simple global general equilibrium model that incorporates conventional welfare gains as well as benefits derived from firm level economies of scale, induced changes in foreign investment, and dynamic increases in productivity. Broad Pacific liberalization—i.e., East Asia, North America, and Australasia—is shown to be superior for each participant to liberalization limited to individual countries or East Asia, but not by much. Most favored nation liberalization is shown to be superior for each participant to preferential liberalization—if the actor is East Asia, but not the Pacific as a whole. These estimates will need to be refined, but they suggest that the benefits from Pacific liberalization could exceed $100 billion per year.     

Trade disputes and the implementation of protection under the GATT: an empirical assessment

This paper is a first attempt to empirically determine why countries choose to violate or adhere to GATT rules when making trade policy adjustments between negotiating rounds. We use a previously unexploited set of data in which countries implemented two ‘types’ of protection under the GATT system between 1973 and 1994: (i) ‘legal’ protection in which countries utilized the GATT’s safeguards provisions; and (ii) ‘illegal’ protection in which the protection was provided outside of the safeguards provisions, resulting in a formal trade dispute. We find substantial evidence that concerns for retaliation affect government policy decisions in ways which contribute to the explanation of the existence of trade disputes.     

台资集群网络下内外资企业协同升级困境与出路——以福建省为例的分析

由于集群网络被台资企业主导,使得台资企业协同本地企业产业升级特别是功能升级和价值链升级面临困境。台资集群网络的弱根植性以及由此导致的企业间知识转移受阻是这一问题的根源。因此,提高台资当地根植性,促进本地企业加入多条价值链,培育自己的高级要素,促进内外资企业有效关联与融合,构建有利的区域文化等,已成为理想的策略选择。     

浅议固定资产投资审计

随着固定资产投资规模的不断扩大,企业管理不断加强,固定资产投资审计面临许多新的情况,碰到了许多值得思考和亟待解决的问题.本人从事审计工作多年,现就固定资产投资审计中存在的问题及其对策,谈一谈看法.     

Capital structure of Chinese listed SMEs: an agency theory perspective

Prior work examining the antecedents of capital structure for small and medium-sized enterprises in emerging markets is limited. This paper sheds light on how the corporate governance mechanisms adopted by firms on the newly established Growth Enterprise Market (GEM) in China influence their use of debt. We find that the financial leverage of GEM firms is positively influenced by executives’ shareholding and their excess cash compensation. Ownership concentration appears to reduce leverage, whereas the percentage of tradable shares increases leverage. In contrast, institutional investors’ shareholding does not influence the level of debt. Traditional factors such as tax and operating cash flow are insignificant in explaining the debt levels among GEM firms.     

地区腐败与企业融资成本——基于股权融资与负债融资的实证分析

本文基于企业外部环境的视角探究地方官员腐败对企业融资成本的影响,通过搜集2003~2013我国各省市腐败案件立案数据进行检验后发现:地区腐败程度越高,所在地区的企业负债融资成本越高,意味着我国地方官员腐败提升了企业的负债融资负担;相较于国有企业,地区腐败对民营企业负债融资成本的影响作用更显著,意味着民营企业融资受地方官员腐败的制约更大;地区腐败与股权融资成本不相关,说明我国地方官员腐败对企业股权融资成本的影响不明显。本文的研究拓展了地区腐败对企业微观层面的影响证据,同时也为企业权衡地区环境与融资决策提供有意义的参考。     

The international debt crisis and the banks

When the international debt crisis broke in 1982 it appeared for a time that the crisis might engulf the international banking system. What part did the banks play in the creation of the problem? What was their role in overcoming the crisis? Dr. Otmar Emminger, former President of the Deutsche Bundesbank, answers these questions and names the consequences the crisis will have on the international banking industry.     

中国人力资本和物质资本存量：基于总资本框架的估算

资本水平的估算历来备受关注,文章将人力资本纳入社会总资本范畴,视物质资本和人力资本为社会总资本的两个分量,以现有物质资本估算技术为基础.遵循物质资本与人力资本在估算思路、前提假设、计算依据等方面一致可比的原则,系统讨论了资本估算各技术环节的处理,有效解决了人力资本折旧确定问题、人力资本投资价格指数编制问题,从而形成了基于总资本框架的物质资本和人力资本水平估算的整体方案.基于该方案,文章就中国1995-2005年间社会总资本存量水平做了实证估算.全面反映了计算期中国总资本数量、结构、分布以及动态趋势等方面的信息.     

The moral discourse of banks about money laundering: an analysis of the narrative from Paul Ricoeur's philosophical perspective

In this paper, we will use Ricoeur's philosophy in order to present money laundering as a metaphor and a narrative. We will firstly analyze the corporate moral discourse of 10 banks about money laundering. We have selected 10 banks that have codes of ethics and a corporate moral discourse about money laundering. The banks come from six countries: United States (2), Canada (2), Switzerland (2), Spain (2), Germany (1), and Belgium (1). We will see how their moral discourse about money laundering contributes to deepen the understanding of money laundering as a narrative. Then, we will see to what extent Ricoeur's philosophy could help us to better understand the moral discourse of banks. We will describe the main components of money laundering as a narrative.     

Internationalization strategies of emerging market banks: Challenges and opportunities

The greatly improved economic fundamentals of the major emerging economies over the last decade have propelled several emerging banks into the ranks of the world’s largest. Despite their importance in the global economy, the internationalization of emerging market banks remains an understudied phenomenon. This article examines factors that may influence the internationalization strategies of emerging market banks in the private banking sector, both when going abroad (take-off) and upon arrival in a host country (landing). The private banking sector is of significant interest given its importance in many leading financial centers around the world while undergoing major transformation due to the worldwide financial crisis, several recent scandals, and a fast-changing regulatory environment. We highlight the internationalization strategies of two banks from emerging countries, China and Brazil, and their experience in Switzerland’s traditional private banking sector. These two cases highlight factors that may influence successful internationalization such as prior industry experience, existing client base, entry strategy, ownership type, and the liability of foreignness. Our findings offer valuable implications for managers from other emerging economies by providing a better understanding of how emerging market banks expand internationally.     

Innovative ways of raising funds and adding value: A stakeholder approach to whole business securitization

Whole business (WB) securitization is a corporate fundraising strategy that allows companies to realize the full value of their operating assets in cooperation with their stakeholders. In a WB securitization, the company raises funds by issuing securitization bonds backed by its operating assets. A characteristic feature of this funding strategy is that it allows investors to impose operating conditions which obligate the company to develop its business strategy and operations. Hence, investors can influence the branding and customer service practices, as well as the stakeholder relationships of the company. Herein, we outline how managers of the securitized assets and investors can add value by adopting a stakeholder approach to whole business securitization.     

Ownership and production efficiency: Evidence from Taiwanese banks

In the early 1990s, Taiwan began her deregulation trend in order to enhance competition and economic efficiency across all industries. We derive a theoretical framework to predict possible rankings in technical efficiencies of public, mixed, and private banks. A panel data set with 43 Taiwanese banks during 1997–1999 is used for empirical analysis. We then apply a translog distance function to estimate technical efficiencies. The relationship between technical efficiency and government shareholding is also examined. Empirical results show that a public bank in Taiwan can improve its technical efficiency by mixed ownership at a diminishing rate. Moreover, banks in Taiwan on average performed worse after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.     

Insider Trading, Investor Protection and an Orderly Capital Market: Lessons for the Czech Republic

A member of the Institute of Economics of the Czech National Bank reflects on what the developing Czech capital market has to learn, and how it can best protect investors. The views expressed in this paper are those of its author, Dr Dedek, and do not necessarily represent those of the Czech National Bank. This research has been sponsored by a grant awarded under the ACE Programme of the European Community. The paper has benefited from interviews with Professor Colin Mayer and other members of the Economics Department of the University of Warwick.