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1.
随着制造业服务化成为全球生产贸易新趋势,提高垂直一体化水平成为优化一国生产结构的重要方式。文章分析发现,中间品贸易自由化加剧了国内市场产品竞争,导致最终品价格下降。为了阻止利润流失,企业会降低垂直一体化水平。文章使用WTO中国进口中间品关税、工业企业数据库、中国海关数据库(2000~2008年)、中国细分部门投入产出表(1997年、2002年和2007年)研究关税下降对企业垂直一体化的影响。研究发现,关税减让降低了中间品进口成本,导致中国制造业企业垂直一体化水平下降。分样本回归发现,关税降低对于资本密集型企业的影响高于劳动密集型企业,对内陆地区的影响大于沿海地区。  相似文献   

2.
本文利用Spencer和Brander(1983)的第三国市场模型,考虑一个中间品垄断企业向位于本国的一个下游企业和位于外国的另一个下游企业同时出口中间品时,一国政府的战略性研发政策。研究结果表明,一国最优的战略性研发政策是对生产外包企业的研发进行征税,而对生产内包企业的研发进行补贴。此外,两国的战略性研发政策随产品差异度的变化而有可能导致"零和博弈",也有可能陷入"囚徒困境"。而当两国进行研发政策合作时,两国的最优研发政策为补贴,这与Spencer和Brander(1983)的结论正好相反。  相似文献   

3.
进口贸易政策变化究竟会如何影响企业创新?文章以中国加入WTO为背景,利用1999~2007年中国工业企业数据深入检验了进口自由化对企业创新的影响。研究表明:进口自由化总体上促进了企业创新,且主要体现在中间品贸易自由化上,而最终品贸易自由化的影响较小;进口自由化对企业创新决策的影响大于对创新密集度的影响,即进口自由化更多地是通过“扩展边际”渠道促进企业创新;通过离散时间生存分析发现,进口自由化有利于延长企业创新的持续时间,并且中间品关税减让的影响程度相对更大。  相似文献   

4.
进口贸易政策变化究竟会如何影响企业创新?文章以中国加入WTO为背景,利用1999~2007年中国工业企业数据深入检验了进口自由化对企业创新的影响。研究表明:进口自由化总体上促进了企业创新,且主要体现在中间品贸易自由化上,而最终品贸易自由化的影响较小;进口自由化对企业创新决策的影响大于对创新密集度的影响,即进口自由化更多地是通过"扩展边际"渠道促进企业创新;通过离散时间生存分析发现,进口自由化有利于延长企业创新的持续时间,并且中间品关税减让的影响程度相对更大。  相似文献   

5.
本文利用两国两异质财货的产业内贸易模型,讨论贸易财属性与贸易政策竞争均衡的决定,并获得以下结论:(1)当两国政府均采取相同的进口或出口政策时,不论产品的消费性质,最适进口贸易政策均为课税;最适出口贸易政策将随贸易财的消费性质而定.替代品为出口补贴,互补品为出口课税.(2)当产品为替代品且厂商在两国市场均实行数量竞争的情况下,进口课税政策虽将成为两国政府的优势策略,但出口补贴政策则更具有效率.在产品为互补品且厂商在两国市场均实行价格竞争的情况下,当产品的互补程度较小(大)时,进口课税(出口课税)政策将成为两国政府的优势策略;当互补程度中等时,两国政府有可能采取差异性的贸易政策.  相似文献   

6.
文章以Wang Zhi等(2013)提出的一国部门、双边和双边部门总出口分解框架构建了总进口分解模型,将各个层面的进口分解为增加值进口、返回国内的增加值、被出口国和第三国吸收的出口国增加值以及纯重复计算的中间品贸易等组成部分,并根据贸易品的价值来源、最终吸收地和吸收渠道不同,区分为16种不同路径。通过将进口增加值分析框架应用于世界投入产出数据库,论述了如何利用分解结果分析各国进口行业结构、国家分布以及在全球价值链中生产地位的差异;此外,文章利用该框架对中国进口技术复杂度以及进口结构变动幅度进行了重新测度。  相似文献   

7.
文章以Wang Zhi等(2013)提出的一国部门、双边和双边部门总出口分解框架构建了总进口分解模型,将各个层面的进口分解为增加值进口、返回国内的增加值、被出口国和第三国吸收的出口国增加值以及纯重复计算的中间品贸易等组成部分,并根据贸易品的价值来源、最终吸收地和吸收渠道不同,区分为16种不同路径。通过将进口增加值分析框架应用于世界投入产出数据库,论述了如何利用分解结果分析各国进口行业结构、国家分布以及在全球价值链中生产地位的差异;此外,文章利用该框架对中国进口技术复杂度以及进口结构变动幅度进行了重新测度。  相似文献   

8.
在全球价值链的序贯生产过程中,中间品的多次跨境会带来关税成本的放大,进而阻碍全球贸易及价值链生产网络的发展。中国及加拿大的经验表明,部分或全面取消中间品进口关税将有助于推动一国在全球价值链中的融入并提升其贸易竞争力。文章首先基于总贸易核算方法(KWW、WWZ、WWYZ),量化展示了全球价值链上贸易成本放大的典型事实。然后,在三种政策情景下基于一般均衡分析方法量化模拟了中间品关税削减在促进中国及世界的贸易及经济增长、加速产业结构升级中的作用。  相似文献   

9.
本文在Spencer和Brander(1983)提出的第三国市场模型基础上,分析对称市场结构下,行业的研发效率对一国最优研发政策的影响。研究结果表明,无论他国政府干预其国内企业研发与否,仅当行业研发效率较高(低)时,本国政府的最优研发政策为补贴(征税)。因此,Leahy和Neary(2001)关于研发补贴政策的稳健性同样不适用于一国为寡头市场结构的情形。  相似文献   

10.
基于生产率与进口多样性的内生关联模型以及Feenstra(1994)的多样性度量思路,本文经验考察发现,我国20002009年期间的初级品和制成品两个进口多样性总体保持增长的态势,但存在由东向西呈现出阶梯型下降的区域不平衡特征。实证估计发现,通过研发的技术进步有利于缓解我国对中间品多样性的进口依赖,并增强对最终新产品的引进程度和吸收能力。贸易壁垒总体上不利于我国进口多样性的提升,中间(要素)品多样性进口的壁垒敏感度低于最终品进口多样性,研究启示在于我国的贸易政策调整需要鼓励紧缺型中间品的多样性进口,而适当控制与国内重复竞争的外部最终品多样性进口。  相似文献   

11.
The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.  相似文献   

12.
《世界经济与政治》2017,(6):156-160
Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future? To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions: the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.  相似文献   

14.
The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.  相似文献   

15.
This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.  相似文献   

16.
商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。  相似文献   

17.
18.
We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.  相似文献   

19.
Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.   相似文献   

20.
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