日本银行体系重组的启示

20世纪末，曾经在国际银行业称霸一时，令欧美刮目相看的日本银行出现了严重问题。银行股票大幅下跌，银行倒闭事件频出、银行不良资产迅速上升、银行资本金不足等问题，严重因扰着日本银行体系。1998年10月日本政府采取了一系列措施，大幅度增加处理银行问题的公共资金，充足资本金，建立银行倒闭处理机制。同时，为配合银行体系重组，日本政府还采取了公司重组配套措施。日本银行体系内部机制的完善和外部环境的改善，为日本银行业恢复起了积极的作用。研究日本银行体系重组。会计我国金融体系的改革带来一些启示。     

日本银行不良贷款问题的治理原因分析

人们普遍认为日本银行不良贷款问题是近10年来El本经济危机所致，但不能忽视日本银行的治理原因是分析不良贷款危机形成及恶化的重要线索之一。日本银行业中的关系型银行模式妨碍了资本市场和政府对银行管理层的有效约束和监管，这种银行治理形式导致了日本银行不良贷款问题长期以来迟迟得不到解决。     

国有银行：消化不良资产仍不容乐观

目前，我国四大国有银行面临的一个现时难题是：积累了大量的不良资产，这些不良资产又是银行业正常经营和潜在危机爆发的引发因素。     

商业银行信贷风险的成因和防范——从某商业银行呆帐贷款核销谈起

1997年开始的亚洲金融危机中，亚洲泰国、缅甸等各国的金融机构庞大的不良资产既是导致金融危机的一个重要原因。也是危机的主要表现形式。金融机构的不良资产问题已经成为当今的一个世界性难题。据统计，国际货币基金组织成员中有60%以上的国家都发生过程度大小不一的因不良资产而导致的银行业危机．包括许多发展中国家和相当一部分发达国家。因此如何防范和控制信贷风险成为世界各国银行非常重要的研究课题。     

国外处置银行不良资产的做法与启示

近20年来，世界许多国家都在不同程度上出现过由于大量不良资产所引起的银行危机，因此，许多国家对银行不良资产的处理问题不仅进行过系统的研究和分析，而且进行了有益的实践和探索。借鉴这些国家的经验和做法，对于我国处置银行不良资产问题具有积极的意义。     

不良资产的中国特色“处理”

如何处理银行不良资产一直是许多国家稳定经济和金融体系的重点问题。近20年来，国际货币基金组织(IMF)180多个成员中．有3/4以上的国家都在不同程度上出现过由于大量不良资产所造成的银行危机。80年代末、90年代初，美国发生储贷危机；90年代初．芬兰、瑞典、挪威等北欧国家和匈牙利、波兰等东欧国家曾面临严     

银行脆弱度的测定和脆弱的日本银行体系之生成机制与展望

日本银行机构在20世纪80年代迅速扩张，同时产生了高比例不良贷款，使日本银行体系变得更加脆弱，如何解释脆弱的日本银行体系?如何预测展望日本银行体系的脆弱度的变化?这是本文试图回答的，首先看银行脆弱度的测定，其次回顾脆弱的日本银行体系和分析其生成机制，再次做出展望。     

日本对金融业的监管

金融业的特殊作用和特殊性质，要求各国政府，中央银行或货币当局对金融业实行特别的监督和管理，在日本，监督和整个金融体系的机构有大藏省和日本银行，大藏省又对政府金融机构，民间金融机构以及日本银行进行行政乃至业务管理，日本银行则主要对民间金融机构进行业务管理，从而形成了由大藏省和日本银行共同负责对金融业实施监督管理的监管模式。     

美国公私合营投资计划处置不良资产的内容及启示

次贷危机的阴霾逐渐散去,大部分国家的经济也在不断恢复中。对这次危机进行反思,查找原因并总结教训,我们已有了较多的研究。本文试图分析美国在这场危机中不良资产的处置情况,总结方法策略,以期对我国未来仍要面对的不良资产处置问题有所启发。     

日本银行危机的原因及其影响

日本银行危机的原因及其影响中国社会科学院财贸所博士杨丹辉９０年代中期以来，日本金融业很不景气。金融机构的呆帐全面上升，据日本大藏省估算，到１９９５年底，日本金融机构拥有的不良债权已达４０－５０万亿日元，占同年日本ＧＮＰ的８％以上。同时，金融机构的资信...     

Capital requirement and financial crisis: The case of Japan and the 1997 Asian crisis

This study investigates the direct link between the implementation of the 1988 Basel capital requirement in Japan and the shrinkage of banks’ foreign assets, particularly in Thailand in the 1990s. The empirical analysis proceeds in two stages. The first stage investigates the hypothesis that the capital crunch in Japan induced Japanese banks to alter their portfolios and reduce their foreign assets. The second step tests the hypothesis that the change in behaviour of the Japanese banks induced the increase of the probability of financial crisis in Asia. Our results support the responsibility of the Japanese capital requirement, among other factors, in triggering the 1997 Asian financial crisis as an external common shock and give a new angle on the financial crisis literature.     

房地产跌涨论

跌方：以上海房内环以内两室一厅95平米精装房,夫妻收入每月两万（在上海算是中上了）为例：     

How do leverage ratios affect bank share performance during financial crises: The Japanese experience of the late 1990s

This study investigates the relationship between leverage ratios and bank share performance for a sample of Japanese banks during the period of financial crisis in the late 1990s. We differentiate between two types of leverage ratios: book leverage and market leverage. We show that market leverage instead of book leverage observed before the crisis has statistically and economically significant predictive power for the cross-sectional variation in bank performance during the crisis, even after controlling for a variety of other indicators reflecting bank’s characteristics and financial conditions. We also find that banks with lower market leverage ratios were affected more adversely by the failure announcements of large financial institutions during the crisis. The results are robust across alternative model specifications, statistical methodologies, lengths of sample intervals, and measures of bank share performance during the crisis. Our results therefore have important implications for regulators in identifying distressed banks that are vulnerable to the deterioration in conditions of the financial system.     

Did mergers help Japanese mega-banks avoid failure? Analysis of the distance to default of banks

This paper applied the distance to default (DD) measure to five mergers among large Japanese banks during the crisis period. The DD helps us analyze whether mergers that took place in the late 1990s and 2000s made the merged banks financially more robust, as intended. Our findings include: (1) A merged bank fundamentally inherits financial soundness of premerged banks, without incremental value from the merger; and (2) A negative DD was observed following the merger. The findings of this case study are consistent with the view that large Japanese banks’ mergers either failed to implement intended scale economies or were motivated by a belief in the too-big-to-fail policy.     

论债转股

我国银行与企业之间的不良债务越来越多。如果这种情况继续下去,将导致企业破产,也会将银行拖垮,最终导致金融危机。债转股作为一种延缓矛盾和风险爆发时间应急性措施的债务重组手段,成功的关键在于是否能以此为契机,彻底转变企业经营管理机制和治理结构,使企业的产权明晰,将企业推向市场,在市场中生存和发展。     

泡沫经济破灭前后日本银企信用风险管理制度及其功效分析

战后，日本金融体系效仿欧美国家建立起一系列信用风险管理制度。同时，根据市场主导型金融市场的特点，逐步建立起具有自身特点的信用风险管理制度。日本银企信用风险管理制度包括商业银行的内部控制制度、银行风险防御及挽救制度、商业银行外部监管制度。通过对日本银企信用风险管理制度的功效进行剖析，可以看出这一制度存在局限性并与日本的泡沫经济、金融危机、金融效率存在内在关系。     

论债转股

我国银行与企业之间的不良债务越来越多。如果这种情况继续下去 ,将导致企业破产 ,也会将银行拖垮 ,最终导致金融危机。债转股作为一种延缓矛盾和风险爆发时间应急性措施的债务重组手段 ,成功的关键在于是否能以此为契机 ,彻底转变企业经营管理机制和治理结构 ,使企业的产权明     

What sort of financial sector should Indonesia have?

At the time of the 1997 Asian crisis, Indonesia's financial sector had serious weaknesses. This made it vulnerable to the key element of the crisis: massive reversal of foreign capital flows. Despite huge expenditures on restructuring, many of these weaknesses remain and the current strategy does not seem likely to overcome them. The alternative strategy explored here advocates the creation of ‘savings banks’, holding government bonds as their principal asset. With these safe assets, deposits in such institutions would be secure, even in the event of a major economic crisis. With this safe ‘core’, the rest of the financial system could develop on conventional lines (allowing removal of the current blanket guarantee, and making it more feasible to close banks without this causing a run on the system as a whole). The inherent risk to the taxpayer of another expensive bail-out would be greatly diminished.     

Banking crisis and productivity of borrowing firms: Evidence from Japan

We investigate the effects of bank distress on the productivity of borrowing firms by using data on listed companies in the Japanese manufacturing industry during the 1990s. We find that deterioration in the financial health of banks, which is measured by a decline in the capital-asset ratio, decreased the productivity of their borrowers during the period of the severe financial crisis (FY1997–1998). Our finding empirically confirms the theoretical view that an increase in financial friction negatively affects the productivity of the corporate sector.     

Quantitative easing and Japanese bank equity values

One of the primary motivations offered by the Bank of Japan (BOJ) for its quantitative easing program—whereby it maintained a current account balance target in excess of required reserves, effectively pegging short-term interest rates at zero—was to maintain credit extension by the troubled Japanese financial sector. We conduct an event study concerning the anticipated impact of quantitative easing on the Japanese banking sector by examining the impact of the introduction and expansion of the policy on Japanese bank equity values. We find that excess returns of Japanese banks were greater when increases in the BOJ current account balance target were accompanied by “non-standard” expansionary policies, such as raising the ceiling on BOJ purchases of long-term Japanese government bonds. We also provide cross-sectional evidence that suggests that the market perceived that the quantitative easing program would disproportionately benefit financially weaker Japanese banks. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (4) (2006) 699–721.