中国经济增长与收入分配

改革开放以来,国民经济持续快速增长,同时也引起了利益分配机制的改变。其结果,中国居民收入分配格局和收入差距出现了显著性变化。国民经济高速增长对收入分配的影响在转型期已初还端倪,作为经济增长的结果之一,同时也将对经济增长卢生影响。一、经济转型时期的收人分配变化趋势在经济转型时期居民收入分配差距基本上表现为一种不断扩大的趋势。这种收入差距的扩大主要存在于城镇内部,农村内部和城乡居民之间。在这里,我们拟对转型期收入分配变化的一些主要方面作一考察。！、城乡居民收入差距继技扩大。从有关资料统计可以看出,城…     

经济增长与收入分配间的相互作用机制及其实证分析——基于有约束条件的VECM

本文提出经济增长与收入分配间的相互作用机制,在这基础上利用带有两个协整的VECM对该机制进行实证.结果表明:改革开放以来我国收入分配通过降低物质资本和人力资本效力影响经济增长,且金融发展程度有助于缓解收入分配对经济增长这种的负作用;经济增长通过物质资本途径扩大收入差距,通过人力资本途径缩小收入差距.     

地方政府财政支出结构与规模对收入分配及经济增长的影响

经济增长实际上是物质和人力资本价值实现的过程。本文采用26个省级面板的数据,探讨地方政府支出结构与规模对收入分配的影响机制,进而对地区经济增长的影响。地方政府非生产性支出对收入分配有正面影响,缩小收入分配差距。地方政府生产性支出对收入分配有负面影响,会扩大地方城乡居民收入差距。生产性支出对经济增长有显著的促进作用,非生产性支出对经济增长有一定遏制作用。另外,从三重维度上衡量,居民收入、城镇居民收入以及农村居民收入差距扩大对经济增长具有负向作用。因此,改革政府支出结构,调节政府支出规模,对我国城乡居民收入差距和经济推进具有重要作用。     

我国行业收入差距的现状、原因及其对经济增长的影响研究

文章分析了我国行业收入分配的现状及其产生原因,并研究了行业收入差距对经济增长的影响。研究表明,我国行业收入差距正在一步步扩大;人力资本差异、劳动生产率差异、市场机制和产业结构调整是我国行业收入差距产生并扩大的主要原因;我国行业收入差距在改革开放初期对经济增长有促进作用,而现阶段行业收入差距的扩大对经济增长有阻碍作用。     

FDI对我国城乡收入差距的影响分析

随着我国对外开放的进一步深入,我国与外部经济之间的联系越来越紧密,外商直接投资(FDI)也因此呈现快速增长的态势,但是其环比增速逐步放缓.在我国经济总值不断增长的情况下,我国城市居民和农村居民的可支配收入都有明显的提高,但是其增幅却明显不同,现在我国城乡居民收入差距不断扩大.从外商直接投资(FDI)的角度来看,它对我国城乡居民收入差距的影响主要为:一是刺激经济增长导致城乡收入差距扩大;二是对城乡不同行业的收入影响不一致;三是对沿海城镇居民收入影响大于对农村居民收入影响.     

收入分配对经济增长的影响机理与传导机制

随着我国收入差距持续扩大,收入分配对经济增长的影响开始受到关注。本文在国内外已有研究的基础上,综合各国的发展经验,总结了收入分配对经济增长产生负面影响的四大机制,提出实现收入分配与经济增长良性互动的一些思路。     

浅谈改革和完善收入分配制度

我国目前是世界上收入分配差距最大的国家之一,收入差距的持续扩大,影响社会主义和谐社会的构建.目前,我国收入分配领域出现的问题主要表现在收入差距不断扩大、分配不公、分配秩序比较混乱、分配格局不合理,造成这种状况的深层原因取决于改革开放以来我们选择的主要靠投资拉动经济增长模式.改革和完善收入分配制度需要关注初次分配的公平,更应该把着力点放在对再分配政策的调整上.     

金融发展与收入分配不平等:回到G-Z假说

在充分揭示金融发展对收入分配影响机制的基础上,运用我国宏观数据对金融发展水平与收入分配不平等程度进行了实证检验。研究结果发现:在长期,经济增长对我国居民收入分配产生了负面效应;而我国金融发展水平的提高有助于缩小我国城乡收入差距。这与国内已有研究结论恰好相反,却验证了Galor和Zeira(1993)提出的金融发展水平与收入分配不平等程度的线性负相关假说。这一研究结果表明,金融发展并不是导致我国收入分配差距扩大的原因,其真正原因可能在于现行经济增长模式。该研究结论将对我国下一步如何推动经济增长及金融发展具有重要的政策意义。     

倒U假说与收入趋同

美国著名经济学家、统计学家库兹涅茨在1955年发表的，《经济发展与收入不平等》的论文中，提出了收入差距演变的“倒U假说”。假说认为，在经济增长初期收入分配差距会逐渐加夫，扩大到一定程度就会进入一个相对稳定的时期，经过这个稳定时期到经济充分发展，市场经济充分完善的时候，收入分配差距将随着人均GDP增长而逐渐缩小，收入分配差距的长期变动轨迹是一条倒U形曲线。     

我国收入差距扩大的深层原因及治理对策

虽然收入差距扩大是工业化和经济转轨阶段的普遍现象,但我国居民收入从世界上最平均的国家,变成世界上差距最大的国家只用了二十几年的时间,为国际所罕见.而收入差距过大,不仅会影响到经济增长,还会加剧经济秩序和社会秩序的混乱,甚至会威胁到社会的安定.因此,研究收入差距问题和如何缩小收入差距便成为一项重要课题,也是当前我国政府急需解决的紧迫问题.本文从我国居民收入差距基本现状入手,剖析我国收入分配差距扩大的深层原因、并进一步探寻解决收入分配差距的对策.     

财政政策对经济增长和收入分配的长期影响效应分析

政府财政政策对经济增长和收入分配有不同的影响,其中,政府消费性支出和投资性支出均对经济增长有正的促进作用,但政府支出却加大了居民收入分配的差距;税收对我国经济增长的影响均为负,其中,间接税缩小了居民收入分配差距,而直接税却拉大了居民的收入分配差距。     

贸易开放、人力资本与 中国区域收入空间效应* ——基于地级及以上行政区域经验数据分析

本文基于中国326个地级及以上行政区域2010-2012年的数据,利用空间杜宾增长模型（SDM）来测算贸易开放对中国区域人均收入的影响。本文测算了各个区域贸易开放和人力资本对人均收入水平的直接、间接和总影响。结果表明：一个区域的贸易开放程度越高越能促进当地经济的发展,对相邻区域的人均收入也会产生正的影响。同时笔者也发现,人力资本对中国各个区域的经济增长会产生正的直接和间接影响。     

Human capital and income inequality in India: is there a non-linear and asymmetric relationship?

The article attempts to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between human capital and income inequality in India in a non-linear and asymmetric framework. To capture both long-run and short-run asymmetries, we have employed the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag approach using the relevant data from 1970 to 2016. Findings of the article suggest that education expansion acts as a major factor in reducing prevailing high income inequality, that is an increase in average years of schooling results in more equal distribution of income. In contrast, high economic growth, inflation and trade openness create unequal distribution of income. The asymmetric causality test results indicate that there is unidirectional causality running from female human capital, economic growth and inflation to income inequality. From a policy perspective, we suggest that education expansion should be used as a powerful tool to mitigate income inequality by emphasizing the quality of education. At the same time, policies geared towards social benefits, inclusive education, training for unskilled workers and price stability should be encouraged to attain fair income distribution in India.     

技术进步、工资差距与人力资本形成

本文在劳动力异质的假设下通过建立一个二元经济模型分析发展中国家技术进步与收入差距的关系,结果显示技术进步主要通过直接和间接两种途径影响收入差距:其一,通过提高相应劳动力的劳动效率,提高其工资;其二,通过收入差距的扩大,吸引劳动力进行人力资本投资,从而劳动效率的提高,影响其收入.并得也结论,不同类型的技术进步对收入差距的影响存在较大差异,而这种差异在某种程度上影响人力资本投资,因此,在城乡转化的过程中,要缩小收入差距必须选择适当的技术进步,而且还要结合长期经济发展注意保持相应的收入差别.     

The Demand for Nutrients in China

China is experiencing a nutritional transition accompanied by its rapid economic growth. However, the relationship between income growth and nutritional improvement is still unclear. In contrast with the biased indirect method, this paper employs a direct method to estimate the income elasticities of 22 nutrients using household survey data to fill the gap in the current literature. Our results indicate that the income elasticities of most nutrients are smaller than that which is stated in the current literature using the indirect method, and vary for different income groups.     

谈FDI对我国区域经济均衡发展的影响

外商直接投资(以下简称FD I)在中国经济增长中发挥着重要的推动作用,但是中国吸收FD I的地区分布呈现出非常明显的非均衡特征。这对我国区域经济发展差异产生了重大的影响。从经济增长、产业结构、市场竞争、收入分配、综合竞争等方面阐述了FD I对区域经济发展的影响机制,并提出相应的对策建议。     

收入分配与经济增长——基于消费需求视角的研究

收入分配会对经济增长产生何种影响,一直是经济学中相当重要的问题。通过对收入分配——消费需求——经济增长这一传导机制进行理论分析,表明收入分配将会通过消费需求这一渠道影响经济增长。采用1990~2007年中国经济的相关数据对消费需求与经济增长、收入分配与消费需求的关系进行了实证分析,分析表明收入分配调整将会对经济长期稳定增长产生重要作用。在此基础上提出了收入分配政策的分类和选择范围,并对部分收入政策工具的效果进行了模拟。     

Economic development, growth of human capital, and the dynamics of the wage structure

In this paper I elucidate the sources of growth of human capital in the course of economic development. On the supply side (Section 1) I include the growth of family income, urbanization, the demographic transition, and the rising cost of time.The supply side alone cannot explain the continuous growth of human capital as it implies a self limiting decline in rates of return below those in alternative investments. Such declines are offset by growing demands for human capital in the labor market. Growth of demand for labor skills is a function of capital accumulation and of technological changes. Evidence on this hypothesis is summarized in Section 2 and on supply responses to growing demand for human capital in Section 3. Changes in the skill and wage structures in the labor market are an important part of the evidence.The reciprocal relation between economic growth and the growth of human capital is likely to be an important key to sustained economic growth. A caveat applies to indirect effects of economic growth on family instability, which may lead to a deterioration of childhood human capital in some sectors of society.     

THE MEASUREMENT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION DYNAMICS WHEN DEMOGRAPHICS ARE CORRELATED WITH INCOME

We show how to account for differentials in demographic variables, in particular mortality, when performing welfare comparisons over time. The idea is to apply various ways of "correcting" estimated income distribution measures for "sample selection" due to differential mortality. We distinguish the direct effect of mortality, i.e. individuals who die leave the population and no longer contribute to monetary welfare, from the indirect effect, i.e. the impact on survivors in the deceased's household who may experience a decrease or increase in monetary welfare. In the case of Indonesia, we show that the direct and indirect effects of mortality on income distribution have opposite signs, but are roughly the same in magnitude. Moreover, the effects of other demographic changes dominate the effects of mortality, whether direct or indirect. However, in the post-crisis period these demographic changes also explain a substantial part of the overall change in the distribution of income.     

Global distribution and dynamics of economic freedom: Non-parametric approach

The paper exploits the distributional dynamics and structural changes in the endogenous distribution of economic freedom across countries over time by utilizing the Rosenblatt–Parzen Kernel density estimator compared to the original distribution based on the methodology proposed by the Heritage Foundation. We utilize the distribution of economic freedom as a tool to identify which policies enhanced the overall level of economic freedom. We develop the distribution of endogenous economic freedom by decomposing effects of economic freedom on the level of income per capita in IV–2SLS estimation framework for a panel of 134 countries to identify the effect of institutions of economic freedom on the level of per capita income. Structural estimates indicate that improvements in the monetary, fiscal, and labor freedom exert the strongest direct effect on the level of economic freedom and indirect effect on the level of real income per capita. Our study demonstrates considerable differences between the original and endogenous distributional dynamics of economic freedom over time. In exploiting the non-parametric setting of endogenous economic freedom, we identify a recent emergence of twin-peak distribution across countries where developing nations have improved the level of economic freedom considerably compared to the initial year.