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1.
The insurance industry is currently characterized by a long-lasting low-interest period and various legislative proposals. Especially the bundling of the requirements of Solvency II, the so called “interest back-up reserve” and the achievement of promised guarantees in the current interest rate environment represent a major challenge for the life insurance industry. In a joint study by Deloitte, E?+?S Rück and the University of Hannover, within the sense of qualitative research by collecting broad expert knowledge the economic effects of the regulatory provisions were discussed. Another focus of research refers to the expectations of the industry representatives regarding the advancing digitization. This paper presents selected reactions and consequences of life insurance companies and derives recommendations for that industry.  相似文献   

2.
The reliance of the German insurance industry on external credit ratings is strong and increasing. It relates to the assets and the liabilities of the insurer. For the first time, the paper systematically describes this reliance and combines it with the lessons from the current financial crises. The paper discusses measures to reduce the overreliance on external credit ratings and provides a new proposal in order to smooth the rating over time.  相似文献   

3.
The EU-Directive on insurance mediation has introduced an important and sustainable change to the insurance brokerage market with special regard to the quality of the consulting services. The restructuring is necessary due to the increased administration costs of the business accreditation in conjunction with the increased workload. Dependent on the remuneration system—a commission system vs. a fee vs. a mixed commission—, different scenarios for the market organization are possible. This has consequences for the distribution policy. In this situation, the most obvious model seems to be the one, where the insurance brokers specialize and provide only selected type of consulting services. Furthermore, the analysis shows possible influences of further regulation of the insurance brokerage market, which could result in an increase of brokerage costs. This paper continues the actual political discussions regarding the form and basis of remuneration.  相似文献   

4.
The tax regulation framework is an important influence factor for value based management. So the implications of taxation on management decisions have to be explicitly verified and quantified within the valuation concepts. In this paper we take that point into account by extending the model for value based management of a composit-insurance company developed in the article from Schmautz and Hartung (ZVersWiss 98(4):411–430, 2009) by the framework of taxation. In the discussion we focus the effects of taxation and creation of provisions on the shareholder cashflow. Again the study examines theoretical aspects on the one hand and practical aspects with the special focus on an examplary implementation on the other hand.  相似文献   

5.
The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) published the Exposure Draft ?Insurance Contracts“ in July 2010. This standard draft is the basis for the final IFRS for accounting of insurance contracts and will replace the currently valid interim standard IFRS 4. In its Discussion Paper from May 2007 the IASB proposed the valuation of insurance liabilities based on a Current Exit Value. However, in the Exposure Draft the board changed his opinion (not at least due to the visible consequences of the last financial crisis) and follows an approach based on so called fulfillment cash flows. This new approach is different in many details and aims at creating a greater objectivity. Goal of this article is firstly to introduce the target valuation model and to judge it based on criteria developed in the paper. Furthermore, alternatives that could be applied in a final standard shall be shown.  相似文献   

6.
In 2009 a so-called morbidity orientated risk structure equalization scheme was installed for the German statutory health insurance in order to minimize structural differences between different providers with respect to revenue and expenditures. Even with this mechanism some risks to the individual health insurance providers remain. Reinsurance could be a way to mitigate these risks, but so far only very few contracts have been signed. Moreover the existing reinsurance contracts only focus on the periphery of the statutory health insurance system such as travel health insurance. In this article we therefore analyse existing risks for individual health insurance providers and evaluate their (re-)insurability. Hereafter the potential for reinsurance solutions in the German statutory health insurance itself as well as in newer forms of healthcare provision (e.g. integrated health care and managed care) is discussed. We find that reinsurance may be a reasonable solution for many of the risks in the statutory health insurance scheme. But as research in this area is very young further analysis of the nature of risks is necessary.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the corporate liquidity and its determinants for the German property-liability insurance industry using company-level data for the period 2002–2014. We first investigate the differences in cash holdings across insurers. We then quantify the relative importance of firm-level determinants compared with macroeconomic determinants in explaining insurers’ cash holding choices. In addition, we examine whether the financial crisis of 2008 has an impact on the liquidity situation of insurers. Our results indicate that cash holdings vary significantly across German property-liability insurers. The firm-level determinants size, group affiliation and reinsurance utilization explain more than 50% of the variation. We also find that macroeconomic conditions appear to have negligible effects on the liquidity situation of insurers. In addition, we do not find evidence that the liquidity of German property-liability insurers is influenced by the financial crisis of 2008. The proportion of cash remains relatively stable at 6% of the total assets.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

1. Auf den Seiten dieser Zeitschrift hat man mehrmals die Frage nach der Anwendbarkeit der Iteration zur Errechnung der Effektivverzinsung der Anleihen diskutiert. 1 In erster Linie sind hier die folgenden Aufsätze zu erwahnen : Man ist dabei von der Formel ausgegangen, wo i 1 nomineller Zinsfuss, k Ausgabekurs, Ft Rückzahlung nach t Jahren und ist. Es hat sich ergeben, dass der direkte Iterationsprozess in der Regel, d. h. in den in der Praxis wirklich vorkommenden Fällen, zu konvergieren scheint, jedoch lassen sich auch Beispiele konstruieren, wo dies nicht der Fall ist 2 Ein solches hat Herr von Mises a. a. O. vorgeführt. , und es dürfte, wie Herr Holme bemerkt hat, sehr schwer sein, dasjenige Gebiet abzugrenzen, innerhalb dessen die genannte Konvergenz sich bewührt. Man kan zwar, wenigstens teilweise, der Meinung des Herrn Steffensen 1 In erster Linie sind hier die folgenden Aufsätze zu erwahnen : beitreten, dass die Frage nach der mathematischen Konvergenz des Verfahrens für die Praxis von untergeordneter Bedeutung ist, weil es dem Praktiker in erster Linie nur darauf ankommt, wie schnell eine qenüqende Annäherung zu erreichen ist. Die Frage besitzt jedoch unleugbares theoretisches Interesse, wozu noch kommt, dass es auch dem Praktiker nicht gleichgültig sein kann, ob und in welchen Fällen ein Verfahren überhaupt verwendbar ist. Es dürfte daher nicht überflüssig sein, eine möglichst allgemeingültige Lösung der Frage zu suchen. Dies ist der Zweck der folgenden Zeilen.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Für die Untersuchung auf bestimmte Erbzahlen bei unvollständigem einseitig ausgelesenem Material gibt es zwei Methoden : 1. den Vergleich der in dem un vollständigen Material gefundenen Häufigkeit bestimmter Merkmalträger mit der Erwartung auf Grund der Annahme einer bestimmten Erbregel , wobei k die Grösse der Sippschaften, p die erwartete Erbzahl und q = 1 ? p ist. Diese Formel ist von mir schon 1912 aufgestellt. Bernstein nennt diese Methode nicht sehr glücklich die apriorische. Erstmals ist sie 1916 praktisch von Apert angewandt. Man wird sie besser als direkte Vergleichsmethode bezeichnen.

2. Die Feststellung der Häufigkeit s des Merkmals bei den Gesehwistern seiner Träger, T. Ist deren Zahl t, k die Sippschaftsgrösse, tx die Zahl der Träger mit x Trägergeschwisten, so ergibt sich theoretisch .

  相似文献   

10.
Timo Car 《保险科学杂志》2016,105(5):591-605
In respect of liability insurance the insured amount limits the fulfilment of the insurer. The article describes the legal regulations in Germany and hereby closely linked economic and actuarial challenges. It should thus provide an impetus to the necessary interdisciplinary work on the general perception of difficult cases of (possible) exceeding the insured amount.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Im Anschluss an die im Jahre 1916 erschienene Monographie von E. J. Gumbel: “Die Berechnung des Bevölkerungsstandes durch Interpolation” (Leipzig, Vogel) hat Verfasser dieser Zeilen den formalen Aufbau der für die Praxis einfachsten Interpolationsmethoden der mathematisch-statistischen Behandlung zugeführt; auf dieser Grundlage hat dann Gumbel die so erhaltenen verallgemeinerten Ansätze bereits auf praktische Fragen der Bevölkerungslehre angewendet. Im Folgenden sollen einige Resultate dieser Untersuchungen mitgeteilt werden, und zwar in Hinblick darauf, dass dieselben bei der Konstruktion von Volkssterbetafeln und bei der Ausarbeitung der Deckungssysteme in der Socialversicherung Verwendung finden können. Die für die Statistik und für die wirtschaftliche, Mathematik (z. B. Grundlegung der Zinsfunktionen). so wichtigen Mittelwertoperationen erscheinen erst durch die nähere methodische Bearbeitung in der für die zielbewusste Anwendung notwendigen Beleuchtung. Die mathematische Diskussion der Mittelwert-Interpolationen dünkt uns vom statistischen Gesichtspunkt als wesentlich, wenn auch der Verwaltungsstatistiker für primitivere Zwecke eine kürzere Behandlung der präcisen Auseinandersetzung bevorzugt. Dieser Standpunkt erweist sich als gerechtfertigt, sobald man — wie es z. B. in der Lebensversicherungstechnik der Fall ist — nicht nur Abschätzungen im Grossen vornimmt, sondern auf Grundlage des empirischen Materials feinere Berechnungen anstellt, deren numerisches Resultat von der Präcision der Ausgleichungsprocesse abhängt. Hauptziel der folgenden Betrachtung ist die genauere Festlegung der in der Verwaltungsstatistik üblichen rohen Interpolationsansätze, um auf diesem Wege solche Formeln zu gewinnen, die den Erfahrungen besser angepasst werden können und die es weiterhin ermöglichen, dass die Berechnung der auf den Interpolationsprocess beruhenden wichtigern Masszahlen (z. B. verlebte Zeit, Vermehrungsintensität, Fixirung partieller Bevölkerungsmassen, etc.) einer mathematjschen Kritik unterworfen werden können.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Die wichtigsten Rechnungsgründe der Invaliditätsversicherung sind, neben dem Zinsfuss, die Invaliditätshäufigkeit der Aktiven und der Abgang der Invaliden (infolge Sterblichkeit und Reaktivierung). Dieser wird gewöhnlich vom Alter und von der verflossenen Dauer der Invalidität, jene (ix ) dagregen nur vom Lebensalter abhängig angenommen. Neben diesen Hauptrechnungsgründen ist noch die Anzahl Aktiven, nötig.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

1. Es sei ?(x) eine für ? ∞ < x < + ∞ reelle nichtnegative Funktion, die für x = a ihr Maximum hat und von a nach beiden Seiten monoton abnimmt. 1 d. h. ?(x) ≦ ?(x′) für jedes x und jedes zwischen α und x gelegene x′. Ferner sei und konvergent.  相似文献   

14.
The German fidelity insurance (Vertrauensschadenversicherung) protects companies from negative impacts of white-collar crime. More specifically, the fidelity insurance is aimed to prevent companies from negative financial impacts caused by intentional breach of duty by its own employees. In some industries, in particular in the IT-business, the fidelity insurance usually also covers damages caused by third parties. Further more, fidelity insurances cover computer abuse, data abuse, and betrayal of secrets. Apart from damages in the strict sense, the fidelity insurance covers costs for appropriate it-measures, damage investigation, fees and costs of legal proceedings, and public relation costs which are necessary after damages occurred. The fidelity insurance is not specifically mentioned in – or governed by the German Insurance Contract Act (VVG). Every insurance contract is therefore in large parts subject to the parties agreements. Limitations may arise from general provisions of the VVG or the German Civil Code (BGB). The German Insurance Association (GDV) does not issue general terms regarding the fidelity insurance, as they do for other types of insurances. This leads to a large variety of standard terms of various different insurance companies. Different terms of different companies vary with regard to some central topics such as the period of coverage. Consequently, comparing different offers is very difficult and changing the insurance company may in some cases lead to the loss of coverage for certain periods of time.While the fidelity insurance is not very common in Germany, it is already a key protection measure in the USA. All insurance companies in the USA use the some standard terms and conditions (also referred to as standard forms). Regarding the period of coverage, these standard terms and conditions rely on the principle of discovery of damages (Schadenentdeckungsprinzip). Costumers benefit from these standard terms and conditions in the USA by being able to compare costs and product details. Considering selected aspects of the standard terms used in the USA can improve the spread and the acceptation of the fidelity insurance in Germany.  相似文献   

15.
Insurance business is more and more based upon ecommerce and internet. But this situation causes legal problems. Insurance regulations are often based on the obligation to close contracts or to submit documents in a written form. This obligation prevents insurance business from using new modern tools like for instance PADs and tablet computers for the transmission of consumer data to the IT center of an insurance company. The following considerations deal with the use of tablet PCs and internet in life and health insurance business and tries to demonstrate that the written form required by law is not a real obstacle in insurance business.  相似文献   

16.
Out of economic view sports are products, which compete with other leisure activities for different stakeholders (sportsmen, spectators, media and sponsor). To professionalize one kind of sport it is important to create a high (individual) utility for these four groups. It is shown, how with the help of a chronological model – called “chain of success” – by developing of the relations, network architectures can be established, which can help a kind of sport “to the break-through”. The risks arising with the professionalization are analyzed and the management of these risks is discussed. At the end we derive from the analysis a risk-management-manual for the professionalization of one kind of sport, which is applied to women's soccer in Germany, which wants to be established after large successes of the soccer clubs and national teams on a more professional level.  相似文献   

17.
The current low interest rates pose a major challenge in particular for life insurers. The introduction of Basel III in the banking and Solvency II in the insurance sector will have major impacts on both industries. This paper provides insight into possible products supplied by banks, which offer the possibility for life insurers to invest in ‘alternative assets’, especially in infrastructure projects. The focus lies on investments in infrastructure loans. If these are placed in a SPV, which itself emits bonds, the lowest amount of regulatory equity capital for both, the bank and the insurance company is required.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

1. Die Methode der Hilfszahlen ist bekanntlich 1 Siehe z. B. J. F. STEFFENSEN: Forsikringsmatematik, S. 325 ff. eine Gruppierungsmethode zur Berechnung der Prämienreserve für Lebensversicherungen. Die Methode, welche nur Gruppierung nach Geburtsjahren erfordert, ist durch Einführung gewisser Hilfszahlen, welche während der ganzen Dauer der Versicherung unverändert bleiben, charakterisiert.  相似文献   

19.
In Zähle (Blätter DGVFM 31:39–64, 2010), a risk class model for the portability of the reserves for increasing age in Germany’s private health insurance system was introduced. In the present article, this model is extended in such a way that also successive premium adjustments are taken into account. In our model, the current risk class of an insurant does not play any role for a premium adjustment. In fact, only the risk class, to which the insurant belonged at the beginning of the contract, matters for a premium adjustment. From a mathematical point of view, our model provides a neat solution for the problem of the portability of the reserves for increasing age. In particular, the presented model is a real extension of the conventional model of Germany’s private health insurance system insofar as the conventional model can be recovered by restricting to a single risk class. So the well-tried premium calculation principle will basically remain.  相似文献   

20.
The GDV estimates the amount of insurance fraud across Germany to be € 4 billion per year. This work examines, using experimental approach, the role of insurance agents in insurance fraud. This research shows that fraud behavior is not only dependent on economic motives even though these can make financial sense for the agent. Different crime detection rates and reward scenarios do not lead to any significant differences in behavior. If the insurance agent, however, completed an apprenticeship in the insurance sector, then this agent generally has a lower willingness to support the customer when committing insurance fraud. Against this, specifically men (as a research category) and holders of several policies tend to be more susceptible to support customers in insurance fraud.  相似文献   

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