环境规制与我国经济增长关系的区域差异研究——基于东、中、西部地区三次产业部门的数据分析

本文以2001-2010年全国东部、中部和西部地区的面板数据为样本,将区域经济增长细化为三次产业经济的增长,通过建立面板数据模型,分区域研究环境规制对各产业部门的经济增长效应,研究发现环境规制水平对我国三次产业的影响呈现出明显的区域差异性。环境规制水平与东部和中部地区的第二、三产业呈显著的正向相关关系,对西部地区第二产业的发展有显著的正效应,而对东、中部地区的第一产业和西部地区的第一、三产业的增长无显著影响。因此,应当采取相应的政策措施,以促进各区域环境规制与经济增长的协调发展。     

房地产投资促进区域经济增长的分解研究

本文利用动态因子模型,将我国房地产投资分解为共同因子和区域因子,然后运用脉冲响应函数分析两类因子对区域经济增长的作用.研究发现:共同因子对中、西部经济增长具有促进作用,对东部却不显著;区域因子对经济增长的拉动作用强于共同因子,但只针对东、中部地区,对西部则具有反作用.     

资源产业集聚、技术创新能力与区域经济增长——基于省际面板的实证分析

基于1990-2010年我国中、东、西部地区的省际面板数据,考察资源型产业集聚和技术创新对经济增长的影响,以及资源型产业集聚等因素对该区域创新能力的作用机制.根据被解释变量的不同特征,使用动态面板数据模型和空间面板数据模型两种计量经济分析方法.结果表明:(1)资源产业集聚与经济增长呈现出负相关关系,说明我国存在资源诅咒现象,但东部地区并不明显;技术创新能力的提升对全国总体经济增长具有显著的促进作用,但这种促进作用在东、中、西部有所差别.(2)技术创新能力在全国范围内具有较强的空间溢出效应和空间依赖性,在东部、中部和西部表现为依次减弱;在中西部地区的资源产业集聚显著地“挤出”区域技术创新.     

资源产业集聚、技术创新能力与区域经济增长

基于1990-2010年我国中、东、西部地区的省际面板数据,考察资源型产业集聚和技术创新对经济增长的影响,以及资源型产业集聚等因素对该区域创新能力的作用机制。根据被解释变量的不同特征,使用动态面板数据模型和空间面板数据模型两种计量经济分析方法。结果表明：（1）资源产业集聚与经济增长呈现出负相关关系,说明我国存在资源诅咒现象,但东部地区并不明显;技术创新能力的提升对全国总体经济增长具有显著的促进作用,但这种促进作用在东、中、西部有所差别。（2）技术创新能力在全国范围内具有较强的空间溢出效应和空间依赖性,在东部、中部和西部表现为依次减弱;在中西部地区的资源产业集聚显著地“挤出”区域技术创新。     

我国三大区域科技差异解析——基于回归分解方法

区域间科技发展不平衡已成为影响区域经济协调发展的重要因素,结合1997-2007年面板数据,运用回归分解方法对我国东、中、西部三大区域的科技差异进行分解,量化了相关决定因素对空间科技差异的贡献。研究结果表明:造成东部地区与中部地区科技水平差距的主要原因是地区间禀赋差异,而造成东部地区与西部地区科技水平差距的因素则由地区间禀赋差异和投入要素的边际影响共同决定;通过市场化调整促进区域科技协调发展,对中部地区的效果较为明显,对西部地区则效果次之。     

金融发展规模、效率改善与经济增长

本文将金融体系效率纳入金融发展与经济增长研究框架,运用基于松弛变量效率测度模型(SBM)对我国1995—2008年29个省市区金融体系效率进行测度,并利用面板协整检验考察了金融发展、金融体系效率与经济增长的关系。研究表明,我国金融体系效率整体上呈波动型上升趋势,且依次由东部、西部、中部递减,经济发展水平与金融体系效率呈近似倒U形关系;整体上我国金融发展的规模与效率改善对经济增长有正的影响,但其促进作用在区域层面上具有门槛效应:东、中部地区金融发展与金融体系效率对经济增长有正的影响,且在东部地区金融体系效率的经济增长效应更为显著,而西部地区其促进作用并不明显。     

技术能力对中国对外直接投资规模的影响

利用中国31个省、市、自治区2003-2005年的面板数据,分别对技术能力与全国及东、中、西部地区的对外直接投资规模之间的关系进行了实证分析。分析结果表明,我国区域对外投资规模呈现明显的梯度特征,即东部地区显著大于中部地区,而中部地区叉大于西部地区。技术能力对不同地区对外直接投资规模的影响截然不同,并且不同的技术能力要素对同一地区的对外直接投资规模的影响也不尽相同。东部地区对外投资规模的决定因素主要是科技经费支出额;而技术能力的各个要素对中部地区的对外投资规模无显著影响;在西部地区,科技经费支出额、科技人员数及专利申请数都会影响其对外投资规模。因此,不同地区应制定差别化的科技政策目标及实施手段以促进各自的对外投资。     

经济基本面、住宅价格与居民住房支付能力——以区域差异为视角的面板数据模型估计

本文在构建住宅价格、经济基本面与住房支付能力关系模型的基础上,以区域差异、收入差异为视角,利用2000-2006年我国29省市的数据检验住宅价格、经济基本面对住房支付能力的影响效应.研究结果表明,住宅价格、经济基本面对居民住房支付能力的影响存在明显的区域差异.住宅价格在西部地区的影响低于东、中部,收入和食品消费支出在东部地区的影响高于中、西部.住房贷款利率和居住消费支出在中、西部的影响高于东部地区.医疗消费支出在中部地区的影响不显著,教育消费支出在中部地区的影响明显大于东、西部.政府应该根据各地区居民住房支付能力的差异、影响因素的不同制定政策,提高居民住房支付能力.     

工业机器人对中国区域经济的异质性影响研究---基于新结构经济学的视角

本文利用中国分省份面板数据,基于新结构经济学的视角,实证考察了工业机器人应用对地区经济增长影响的差异性和工业机器人影响经济增长的机制。研究发现：考察期内,工业机器人显著促进了中国经济增长,并且在东部、中部和东北地区有显著影响,在西部地区影响不显著；进一步考虑比较优势,发现高资本密集度有利于工业机器人发挥经济增长效应。从地区异质性角度看,东部地区遵循比较优势,机器人对经济增长的促进作用明显,但中部、西部以及东北地区都存在违背比较优势的情况,抑制了工业机器人的经济效应；最后,进行影响机制检验时,发现工业机器人主要通过资本回报率和全要素生产率促进经济增长,但人力资本中介效应尚未形成。     

中国OFDI逆向技术溢出、金融发展与全要素生产率

选取2003-2016年中国30个省际面板数据和22个东道国面板数据,基于国际R&D溢出模型和包含金融部门的经济增长模型,探讨OFDI逆向技术溢出与金融发展提升全要素生产率的实现路径。研究结果表明:一是中国在实施"走出去"战略中,存在OFDI逆向技术溢出效应,且与金融发展水平、国内R&D活动和经济开放度对TFP均呈现显著正向效应,但存在明显的地区差异;二是中国东部和中部地区存在OFDI逆向技术溢出效应;东部地区溢出效应显著正相关,中部地区显著负相关,而西部地区溢出效应不明显;三是中国东部地区金融发展对TFP呈现显著正相关,而中部和西部地区虽表现出正相关性,但不显著;中国东部沿海地区金融发展普遍高于中西部地区,西部地区金融发展高于中部地区,地方经济增长水平与金融发展并不呈现显著相关性。如何充分利用OFDI与金融发展来有效推动地方经济的高质量发展是当前亟待解决的热点问题。     

Is Part-Time Employment after Childbirth a Stepping-Stone into Full-Time Work? A Cohort Study for East and West Germany

Does part-time work support first-time mothers’ employment by providing a stepping-stone into full-time work in Germany? Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984–2012, this study compares three different age cohorts of first-time East and West German mothers to investigate whether there has been any convergence between East and West Germany in the way women use part-time employment. Results show that mothers in West Germany in all cohorts tended to remain in part-time employment for longer periods than those in East Germany. Part-time employment more often provided a stepping-stone into full-time employment in East Germany than in West Germany. East German women who gave birth after reunification were less likely than older cohorts to experience a transition from part-time to full-time work. Thus, part-time employment not followed by subsequent full-time work has become more common in the East.     

改革以来中国农村发展地区差距分析

本文在扩展农业部门新古典经济增长模型的基础上,构建了基于农业生产率指数和农村地区劳动力就业结构的农村发展指标,以此来衡量农村发展水平及其变化状况.为了考察中国农村发展地区差距的变化趋势,我们采用面板数据单位根检验的不同方法对其收敛性进行了严格的计量检验.检验结果显示,在考虑了时间和省份特殊效应、序列相关等因素的影响后,中国各省农村发展差距以及东中西部地区农村发展的内部差距均存在条件性β收敛.     

ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN WOMEN AND THEIR PARTNERS: AN EAST AND WEST GERMAN COMPARISON AFTER REUNIFICATION

abstract

This article compares women's and men's economic relations in East and West Germany following the 1990 reunification to exemplify the impact of varying opportunity structures on women's relative contribution to family income. West Germany's takeover set in motion a rapid transformation of East German institutions and employment structures. The analysis shows that women in West Germany became less dependent on their partners in the 1990s, largely because fewer women were housewives without earnings. In contrast, the contributions of women to the family economy in East Germany fell between 1990 and 1996. Afterwards, women in East Germany regained some of their economic power because of their partners' increasing difficulties sustaining employment. A multivariate analysis showed that the fact that women in West Germany were more likely to work less or not at all – especially if they were married or had children – accounted for much of the difference.     

Temporary overpessimism: Job loss expectations following a large negative employment shock

Job loss expectations were widespread amongst workers in East Germany following reunification with West Germany. Though experiencing a large negative employment shock, East German workers were nevertheless overpessimistic immediately after reunification with respect to their job loss risk. Over time, job loss expectations fell and converged to West German levels, which was driven by a stabilizing economic environment and by an adaptation of the interpretation of economic signals with workers learning to distinguish individual risk from firm-level risk. In fact, conditional on actual job loss risk, East German workers quickly caught up to West Germans regarding the share of correctly predicted job losses.     

How does entry regulation influence entry into self‐employment and occupational mobility?1

We analyse how an entry regulation that imposes a mandatory educational standard affects entry into self‐employment and occupational mobility. We exploit German reunification as a natural experiment and identify regulatory effects by comparing differences between regulated and unregulated occupations in East Germany with the corresponding differences in West Germany after reunification. Consistent with our expectations, we find that entry regulation reduces entry into self‐employment and occupational mobility after reunification more in regulated occupations in East Germany than in West Germany. Our findings are relevant for transition or emerging economies as well as for mature market economies requiring large structural changes after unforeseen economic shocks.     

Total factor productivity convergence in German states since reunification: Evidence and explanations

A quarter-century after reunification, labor productivity in the states of eastern Germany continues to lag systematically behind the West. Persistent gaps in total factor productivity (TFP) are the proximate cause; conventional and capital-free measurements confirm a sharp slowdown in TFP growth after 1995. Strikingly, eastern capital intensity, especially in industry, exceeds values in the West, casting doubt on the embodied technology hypothesis. TFP growth is negatively associated with rates of investment expenditures. The stubborn East-West TFP gap is best explained by low concentration of managers, low startup intensity and the distribution of firm size in the East rather than R&D activities.     

Who stays,who goes,who returns?

We study the determinants of East–West migration within Germany during the period 1990–2006, using administrative data, the German Microcensus and the German Socio‐Economic Panel. We find that in addition to income prospects and employment status, two well‐known determinants of migration, psychological and social factors play an important role in determining the migration decision. Men and women move from East to West in proportionate numbers, but among individuals who lived in the East in 1989 women are more likely to migrate. The migrant body in the second wave of migration, starting in the late 1990s, is increasingly composed of young, educated people. By focusing on differences between temporary and permanent migrants, we find that older and single individuals are more likely to return East than stay permanently in the West, compared with younger and married individuals. Finally, the life satisfaction of permanent migrants increases significantly after a move, while that of temporary migrants remains essentially flat.     

Growth Effects of EU Membership: The Case of East Germany

The East German experience after unification in 1990 probably comes close to what might be called a controlled experiment for assessing the growth effects of EU membership. This article uses an open-economy neoclassical growth model as a measure of reference against which the actual performance of the East German economy can be evaluated. With no obvious differences in institutions and technology, and with physical capital accumulation in East Germany exceeding the West German rate, differences in human capital remain as the major reason for differences between the theoretical and the actual East German growth rate. Simulation results suggest that East Germany's stock of human capital per worker reaches only about one third of the West Germany level. The main lesson from the East German experience for other EU accession countries is that catching up may come to a halt below the EU average, even under pretty favorable institutional and financial conditions.     

The determinants of local employment dynamics in Western Germany

This article studies the impact of the local industrial structure on employment dynamics in Western Germany. Following the approach of Combes et al. (J Urban Econ 56:217–243, 2004) for France, local employment growth is decomposed into internal growth resulting from employment changes in existing plants and into external growth determined by employment decisions of newly established plants. The dynamics of both components are estimated simultaneously, taking explicitly into account the timing of the impact of specialization, diversity, and competition in a region. The analysis is conducted for 24 sectors in the West German labor market regions from 1993 to 2002. Estimation results emphasize the positive influence of diversity on both the internal and external employment growth, whereas there is no clear result on specialization. A high degree of competition fosters external employment, but is detrimental to internal employment. Dynamic panel regressions show that static externalities dominate. Importantly, the impact of the local industrial structure on employment dynamics does not differ between small and larger plants, nor are there fundamental differences between Western Germany and France.     

我国区域金融发展差距以及对经济增长影响的实证研究

20世纪90年代以来的实证研究充分证明了金融发展对促进经济增长的重大意义.在中国,研究两者之间的相互关系,不能停留在国家的层面上,而只有深入到地区层面,才有可能真正理解问题的核心.本文在前人研究的基础上,首先比较了我国东、中和西部地区金融发展的差距,随后采用面板数据的处理方法,对三大地区的金融发展对经济增长的贡献进行了实证的研究.研究结果表明各地区金融发展无论是在量的增长上,还是在质的提高上都有助于各地区经济增长,同时IV的估计结果表明金融发展在质的提高方面比单纯量的扩张方面更能促进经济的增长.