绿色GDP与环境会计制度

改革开放 2 0多年来 ,我国经济高速增长的同时 ,增长质量不高和资源环境破坏现象相当严重。因此 ,有必要在各行业和经济宏观微观层面寻求经济社会与资源环境的和谐 ,走可持续发展之路 ,迅速建立以人为本的可持续发展绿色核算评价体系 ,以新的核算指标———绿色GDP和人均绿色GDP替代传统指标———GDP和人均GDP。     

环境会计核算体系研究

目前在有关环境会计的研究中,宏观环境的会计问题与微观环境的会计问题增被作为一个问题研究。实际上,对宏观环境与微观环境承担责任的主体不同。针对这一现实,本文提出分别建立宏观环境会计和微观环境会计两个核算体系的设想。宏观环境会计以政府为核算主体,主要从社会角度,对自然资源这一公共产品的使用、补偿进行价值核算,促进资源环境的可持续发展。微观环境会计以企业为核算主体,主要对生态环境的维护、治理进行成本核算,保护生态环境的可持续发展。     

企业物流运作成本的会计计量和核算问题的研究

如何科学有效的对企业物流运作成本进行准确的会计计量和核算,对于物流作业和管理的精细化以及相关控制管理决策都具有十分重要的价值和意义。企业物流运作成本包含微观层次和宏观层次两个层面,并且两者之间也存在着内在联系,文章在对企业物流运作成本内涵结构分析的基础上,重点研究了其会计计量方法和会计核算问题,在物流运作成本的会计计量中,分别从微观层面和宏观层面两个角度研究分析了美国、日本和我国的会计计量方法,并且对其计量方法进行了评价,最后重点结合现行会计核算体系对一般性生产制造流通企业和专业性物流服务企业的物流运作成本进行了会计核算思想方法和会计科目设置操作的研究。     

资源开采企业的自然资源耗减估价理论框架

自然资源耗减的估价是宏观环境会计（绿色GDP核算）的核心问题之一,也是提高资源使用效率的有效手段。本文结合联合国综合环境经济核算2003提出的宏观自然资源耗减的估价方法,建立了自然资源开采企业资源耗减估价的理论框架,探索了宏微观环境会计在自然资源耗减估价上衔接与一体化的途径。     

绿色GDP核算在墨西哥

由于绿色GDP克服了GDP固有的忽略资源环境成本的缺陷,已成为21世纪衡量未来经济增长的一个极为重要的指标。在可持续发展概念下,绿色GDP不仅能反映经济增长的水平,而且能体现经济增长与自然和谐统一的程度。自20世纪80年代以来,许多国家就绿色核算体系的构建,特别是绿色GDP核算进行了多方位的研究。1993年联合国会同世界银行和国际货币基金组织,在总结各国实践的基础上出版了《综合环境与经济核算手册》(SEEA),其中包括绿色GDP核算,以及自然资源环境具有国际可比性的统计标准和规范及估价方法。墨西哥是接受这一绿色概念的试点国家。     

绿色GDP核算内容及方法研究

绿色GDP是指从传统GDP中扣除资源环境成本,加上环保收益后的GDP。主要探讨了绿色GDP的核算内容,自然资源耗减成本、环境保护成本、环境恶化成本及环保收益的基本核算方法。     

别把绿色GDP推上神坛

近来，绿色GDP再次成为人们关注和争论的热点问题之一。所谓绿色GDP即绿色国内生产总值，是对现行GDP指标的一种调整，是扣除经济发展所引起的资源耗减成本和环境成本后得出的国内生产总值。建立绿色GDP核算体系，对于实现自然资源的合理利用具有极其重要的作用。     

我国建立绿色会计研究

实现人与自然和谐、可持续发展是人类社会发展永恒的主题,绿色会计是构成绿色国民核算体系以及绿色GDP的微观基础。我国实施绿色会计具有重要的现实意义,可以清楚明了地反映生态效益和社会效益,评估企业的环境代价和资源利用率,采取有效措施引导企业走环保之路。     

基于绿色GDP核算遵义市环境污染损失的货币化计量

通过绿色GDP环境污染损失价值核算成本法,以2014年遵义市环境数据为基础,对该市环境污染损失进行货币化计量,结果显示遵义市2014年的环境污染损失成本较大.通过环境数据分析得出该市经济发展中存在的环境问题同时提出相应对策.     

从绿色GDP试点说循环经济

二月底，国家环保总局和国家统计局在北京、天津等10个省市启动了绿色GDP试点工作。在2004年全国GDP排名中，被列为试点的10个省市有5家在前10名之内，GDP之和达54515亿元，占全国GDP的59．95％。试点的主要内容有三个方面：建立地区环境核算框架；开展污染损失调查，建立地区污染经济损失估算模型和估算方式，确定估算技术参数；在污染损失调查、污染实物量核算和环境污染治理成本调查的基础上开展环境核算。     

联产品协同生产的成本驱动实证研究

实证研究证明，联产品生产的协同作用也是产品成本的驱动因素。协同成本的动因在于联产品的组成变量。在联产品协同生产过程中，所采取的基于非线性成本函数的边际成本计算法，应该是数理依据严谨、实务应用可行的方法。     

交易费用计量研究述评

交易费用的计量是交易费用经济学从理论研究走向实证研究的关键。根据交易费用的不同定义,可以将交易费用分为宏观层面上的交易费用和微观层面上的交易费用,同时将微观层面上的交易费用分为市场型、管理型和政策型交易费用。在此基础上,对有关交易费用计量的文献进行了梳理分析。分析表明,尽管近年来在交易费用的计量方面已取得不少成就,但总的来说,方法还是比较单一,尤其对非市场交易费用和政策型交易费用的计量仍然停留在经验层次,缺少对企业内部交易费用的直接计量。     

房价水平、交通成本与产业区位分布关系再考量

中心城市房价水平或地租水平的提高具有客观性。房价水平和交通成本变动对制造业区位分布影响较大,而对于生产性服务业的影响并不显著。占用土地面积较大的制造业向外转移不仅有可能抵消房价上涨的压力,而且为具有更高附加值的生产性服务业的发展创造条件。房价水平上涨和交通成本提高加快中心城市制造业的扩散以及生产性服务业的集聚,客观上促使城市间由专业化分工向功能分工结构转变,推动中心城市实现产业升级,有利于形成合理的区域分工格局。     

Assessment of Resource Use and Costs Associated with Parathyroidectomy for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in End Stage Renal Disease in the UK

Introduction:

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a major complication of end stage renal disease (ESRD). For the National Health Service (NHS) to make appropriate choices between medical and surgical management, it needs to understand the cost implications of each. A recent pilot study suggested that the current NHS healthcare resource group tariff for parathyroidectomy (PTX) (£2071 and £1859 in patients with and without complications, respectively) is not representative of the true costs of surgery in patients with SHPT.

Objective:

This study aims to provide an estimate of healthcare resources used to manage patients and estimate the cost of PTX in a UK tertiary care centre.

Methods:

Resource use was identified by combining data from the Proton renal database and routine hospital data for adults undergoing PTX for SHPT at the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, from 2000–2008. Data were supplemented by a questionnaire, completed by clinicians in six centres across the UK. Costs were obtained from NHS reference costs, British National Formulary and published literature. Costs were applied for the pre-surgical, surgical, peri-surgical, and post-surgical periods so as to calculate the total cost associated with PTX.

Results:

One hundred and twenty-four patients (mean age?=?51.0 years) were identified in the database and 79 from the questionnaires. The main costs identified in the database were the surgical stay (mean?=?£4066, SD?=?£,130), the first month post-discharge (£465, SD?=?£176), and 3 months prior to surgery (£399, SD?=?£188); the average total cost was £4932 (SD?=?£4129). From the questionnaires the total cost was £5459 (SD?=?£943). It is possible that the study was limited due to missing data within the database, as well as the possibility of recall bias associated with the clinicians completing the questionnaires.

Conclusion:

This analysis suggests that the costs associated with PTX in SHPT exceed the current NHS tariffs for PTX. The cost implications associated with PTX need to be considered in the context of clinical assessment and decision-making, but healthcare policy and planning may warrant review in the light of these results.     

《成本会计》教学的点滴体会

《成本会计》是会计学专业的一门主要专业课，也是会计工作的一个重要组成部分。本文结合自己多年的教学经验，谈谈一些教学体会。     

Distribution and drivers of costs in type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with oral hypoglycemic agents: a retrospective claims data analysis

Objective:

To describe the distribution of costs and to identify the drivers of high costs among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving oral hypoglycemic agents.

Methods:

T2DM patients using oral hypoglycemic agents and having HbA1c test data were identified from the Truven MarketScan databases of Commercial and Medicare Supplemental insurance claims (2004–2010). All-cause and diabetes-related annual direct healthcare costs were measured and reported by cost components. The 25% most costly patients in the study sample were defined as high-cost patients. Drivers of high costs were identified in multivariate logistic regressions.

Results:

Total 1-year all-cause costs for the 4104 study patients were $55,599,311 (mean cost per patient?=?$13,548). Diabetes-related costs accounted for 33.8% of all-cause costs (mean cost per patient?=?$4583). Medical service costs accounted for the majority of all-cause and diabetes-related total costs (63.7% and 59.5%, respectively), with a minority of patients incurring >80% of these costs (23.5% and 14.7%, respectively). Within the medical claims, inpatient admission for diabetes-complications was the strongest cost driver for both all-cause (OR?=?13.5, 95% CI?=?8.1–23.6) and diabetes-related costs (OR?=?9.7, 95% CI?=?6.3–15.1), with macrovascular complications accounting for most inpatient admissions. Other cost drivers included heavier hypoglycemic agent use, diabetes complications, and chronic diseases.

Limitations:

The study reports a conservative estimate for the relative share of diabetes-related costs relative to total cost. The findings of this study apply mainly to T2DM patients under 65 years of age.

Conclusions:

Among the T2DM patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents, 23.5% of patients incurred 80% of the all-cause healthcare costs, with these costs being driven by inpatient admissions, complications of diabetes, and chronic diseases. Interventions targeting inpatient admissions and/or complications of diabetes may contribute to the decrease of the diabetes economic burden.     

基于环境价值链的绿色产品设计成本分析模型

本文在分析产品多生命周期的闭环物流链的基础上 ,借助供应链和价值链的概念 ,阐述了环境价值链的内涵及其分析流程。在此基础上 ,运用基于作业的成本分析 (ABC)法 ,全面论述了绿色产品设计各个阶段的成本分析函数 ,建立产品全生命周期的成本分析模型。通过经济性分析 ,发现差距 ,指导企业改进产品设计 ,以达到节约资源、保护环境、降低产品生命周期成本的目的 ,提高企业的经济效益和生态效益。     

中国通货膨胀的福利成本研究

通货膨胀一直以来都是衡量一国宏观经济运行是否稳定和健康的重要指标。本文对国内外关于通货膨胀福利成本的研究发展进行了较为完整的综述,并在此基础之上运用消费者剩余方法和新古典宏观经济学一般均衡模型对中国通货膨胀的福利成本进行了计算和比较。实证结果说明,在中国高通货膨胀会带来较高的福利损失,因此将通胀率保持在较低的水平对提高中国的经济福利水平是有利的。     

A note on the energy-efficiency investments of an expected cost minimizer

This paper analyzes a consumer's choice between a high-efficiency and a low-efficiency version of an energy-using durable when the expected lifetimes of the two versions differ. A (small) difference in expected lifetimes may induce entirely different implications for the behavior of a cost minimizing consumer, as compared to the case with equal expected lifetimes. The result supplements the explanations for the extremely high discount rates that have been reported for energy efficiency investments. We also provide sufficient conditions for the existence of a reservation property, both in the case of deterministic and of random lifetimes.     

Direct medical costs of complications of diabetes in the United States: estimates for event-year and annual state costs (USD 2012)

Objective:

To estimate the direct medical costs associated with managing complications, hypoglycemia episodes, and infections associated with type 2 diabetes expressed in 2012 United States dollars (USD).

Methods:

Direct data analysis and microcosting were used to estimate the costs for an event leading to either a hospital admission or outpatient care, and the post-acute care associated with managing macrovascular and microvascular complications, hypoglycemia episodes, and infections. Data were obtained from many sources, including inpatient and emergency department databases, national physician and laboratory fee schedules, government reports, and literature. Event-year costs reflect the resource use during an acute care episode (initial management in an inpatient or outpatient setting) and any subsequent care provided in the first year. State costs reflect annual resource use required beyond the first year for the ongoing management of complications and other conditions. Costs were assessed from the perspective of a comprehensive US healthcare payer and expressed in 2012 USD.

Results:

Event-year costs (and state costs) for macrovascular complications were as follows: myocardial infarction $56,445 ($1904); ischemic stroke $42,119 ($15,541); congestive heart failure $23,758 ($1904); ischemic heart disease $21,406 ($1904); and transient ischemic attack $7388 ($179). For two microvascular complications the event-year and state costs were assumed the same: $71,714 for end stage renal disease, and $2862 blindness. The event-year cost was $9041 for lower extremity amputations, and $2147 for diabetic foot ulcers. Costs were also determined for managing hypoglycemic episodes: $176–$16,478 (depending on treatment required), and infections: vulvovaginal candidiasis $111, lower urinary tract infection $105.

Conclusions:

This study, which provides up-to-date cost estimates per patient, found that managing macrovascular and microvascular complications results in substantial costs to the healthcare system. This study facilitates conduct of other research studies such as modeling the management of diabetes and estimating the economic burden associated with complications.