Standard setting and security returns: A time series analysis of FAS No. 8 events*

Abstract. This study examines the information content of seven FAS No. 8 related key events on the security returns of firms affected by the accounting rule. The Box and Tiao intervention analysis was used, which combines the univariate ARIMA(p,d,q) (auto-regressive integrated moving average) modeling with a statistical impact assessment. Results indicate that security returns of firms investigated have generally exhibited patterns of small positive blips (abrupt onsets, temporary durations, and rapid decays) around the time of the appointment of the task force as well as at the date of issuance of the exposure draft. Résumé. Cette étude examine le contenu informationnel de sept événements importants entourant le FAS no 8 sur les rendements des titres d'entreprises affectées par la règle de comptabilité. L'analyse d'intervention Box-Tiao fut utilisée, méthode où la modélisation ARMNI (p.d.q) à une variable aléatoire est combinée à une évaluation de l'impact statistique. Les résultats indiquent que les rendements des titres émis par les firmes étudiées ont présenté des structures de petites oscillations positives (croissance brutale, durée temporaire et déclin rapide) autour des moments de nomination du groupe d'étude et de publication de l'exposé sondage.     

Stock market reactions to the issuance of FAS 33 and its preceding exposure drafts*

Abstract. This study examines the stock market reactions to the following events: (1) the issuance of Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) exposure draft in December 1978 requiring disclosure of price-level adjusted data, (2) the issuance of a second exposure draft in March 1979, and (3) the issuance of FAS 33 in September 1979. A sample of 119 test firms and 88 control firms is used. The statistical tests show that the results are sensitive to the choice of method used to assess information content. When cross-sectional dependency is taken into account, the hypothesis that FAS 33 and its preceding exposure drafts did not convey information to the market is rejected. Thus the issuance of a later statement that made compliance with FAS 33 optional may have been premature. Résumé. Les auteurs examinent les réactions du marché boursier aux événements suivants: 1) l'émission de l'exposé-sondage du Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) en décembre 1978 exigeant la présentation d'information indexée sur le niveau général des prix, 2) rémission d'un second exposé-sondage en mars 1979 et 3) l'émission par le FASB, en septembre 1979, de la Norme n^o 33. Les auteurs ont eu recours à un échantillon de 119 entreprises qu'ils ont soumises au test à un groupe contrôle de 88 entreprises. Les tests statistiques démontrent que les résultats sont sensibles à la méthode choisie pour évaluer le contenu informationnel. La prise en compte de l'effet interactif des facteurs les amène à rejeter l'hypothèse selon laquelle la Norme n^o 33 et les exposés-sondages qui l'ont précédée ne transmettaient pas d'information au marché. La décision subséquente du FASB de rendre facultative l'application de la Norme n^o 33 était peut-être prématurée.     

Stock returns and investment trust flows in the Japanese financial market: A system approach

To study dynamic and causal relations between stock returns and investment trust flows in Japan, we employ a system method which utilizes information from the stock, bond, and money markets. The empirical evidence from SURECM, and Granger (1969) and Sims (1972) causality tests in the system method indicates that investment trust flows are weakly exogenous and stock returns cause net fund flows, implying that investors move their money to the securities that yield higher returns to rebalance their investment portfolios in the short-run. Thus, our findings do not support the popular notion of mutual fund flows as a driving force behind rallies in Japanese financial markets.     

Pension disclosures under SFAS No. 87: Theory and evidence*

Abstract. This study analyzes the choices made by 279 firms in response to the opportunity to adopt the new pension accounting standard. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 87, in 1986 rather than 1987. It tests the influence of political and agency variables and three income-related variables on this accounting choice. The political variables, management compensation contracts, the magnitude of the income effect of adoption, whether the firm was a “bath” firm, and the earnings position of the firm relative to the prior year are all associated with the adoption choice. These results are analyzed further by considering specific debt covenants and by exploring alternate interpretations of the meaning of the change in earnings variable by assessing interactions between it and the political and agency variables. Résumé. L'auteur analyse les choix faits par 279 entreprises par suite de l'option qui leur était offerte d'adopter la nouvelle norme de comptabilisation des régimes de retraite. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 87, en 1986 plutôt qu'en 1987. Il vérifie l'influence des variables politiques et des variables mandant-mandataire, ainsi que de trois variables se rattachant aux bénéfices, sur ce choix comptable. Chacun des facteurs suivants est associé à l'option d'adoption: variables politiques, contrats de rénumération des cadres, ampleur des conséquences de l'adoption sur les bénéfices, occasion de flambée des bénéfices et bénéfices de l'entreprise par rapport aux bénéfices de l'exercice précédent. Ces résultats font l'objet d'une analyse plus poussée dans laquelle l'auteur tient compte de clauses restrictives particulières et explore d'autres interprétations de la signification de la fluctuation de la variable des bénéfices en évaluant les interactions entre cette fluctuation et les variables politiques ainsi que les variables mandant-mandataire.     

Recognition and Disclosure Reliability: Evidence from SFAS No. 106*

This paper examines a fundamental question of interest to researchers and regulators: Does the market treat disclosed financial statement information as if it is less reliable than information recognized in the body of the financial statements? Specifically, we compare the perceived reliability of liabilities for retiree benefits other than pensions (PRBs) disclosed prior to adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106 (SFAS No. 106) with the perceived reliability of PRB liabilities subsequently recognized under SFAS No. 106. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the market treating disclosed PRB liabilities as less reliable than recognized PRB liabilities and pension liabilities. However, once PRB liabilities are recognized, they do not appear to be any less reliable than pension liabilities. These findings are inconsistent with the Choi, Collins, and Johnson 1997 conclusion that PRB liabilities are inherently less reliable than pension liabilities. The paper also investigates factors that may have contributed to the lower perceived disclosure reliability. Our results suggest that the market perceived PRB liability disclosures to be less reliable when firms provided range disclosures, had higher probabilities of reducing plan benefits, or had lower ratios of retiree to total PRB obligations. These findings suggest that reliability may have been enhanced if more supporting details had been provided in Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 74 disclosures.     

The association between unexpected earnings and abnormal security returns in the presence of financial leverage*

Abstract. This study extends the growing literature on the deteminants of the variation in the relationship between unexpected earnings and abnormal security returns (the earnings response coefficient). We hypothesize that the firm's default risk as measured by financial leverage would affect the earnings response coefficient. We test this hypothesis by partitioning firms according to (1) the existence of debt in the capital structure (all-equity versus levered firms) and (2) the level of leverage (low-leverage versus high-leverage firms). The results are generally consistent with our hypothesis. Specifically, we find that the earnings response coefficients are larger for all-equity and low-leverage firms vis-à-vis matched-levered and high-leverage firms, even after controlling for the effects of equity beta, persistence, risk premium, and measurement error in unexpected earnings. Our findings are also robust with respect to the choice of earnings measure, either before or after interest charges. Résumé. L'étude s'inscrit dans le prolongement des travaux de plus en plus nombreux portant sur les déterminants de la fluctuation de la relation entre les bénéfices imprévus et les rendements anormaux des titres (le coefficient de réponse des bénéfices). Les auteurs posent l'hypothèse que le risque de non-paiement de l'entreprise, mesuré en termes de levier financier, influe sur le coefficient de réponse des bénéfices. Les auteurs testent cette hypothèse en classant les entreprises selon 1) l'existence ou non de capitaux empruntés dans la structure du capital (entreprises dont les capitaux sont exclusivement des capitaux propres par rapport aux entreprises dont les capitaux sont en partie empruntés) et 2) l'importance du levier financier (entreprises dont le levier financier est faible par rapport aux entreprises dont l'importance du levier financier est élevée). Dans l'ensemble. les résultats confirment l'hypothèse. De façon plus précise, les coefficients de réponse des bénéfices sont plus élevés pour les entreprises dont les capitaux sont exclusivement des capitaux propres et les entreprises dont le levier financier est faible, par rapport aux entreprises, classées selon la taille et le secteur d'activité, dont les capitaux sont davantage constitués de capitaux empruntés et dont le levier financier est élevé, même lorsque sont contrôlées les répercussions du bêta des capitaux propres, de la persistance, de la prime de risque et de l'erreur de mesure des bénéfices imprévus. Les résultats de leur étude résistent également à l'analyse lorsqu'ils font intervenir le choix de la mesure des bénéfices, avant ou après avoir tenu compte des intérêts débiteurs.     

Cancellation of Executive Stock Options: Tax and Accounting Income Considerations*

Canadian firms face a trade‐off between reporting higher accounting income and paying lower taxes that arises from their ability to cancel in‐the‐money executive stock options and making a substitute cash payment to the executive instead of issuing shares. Firms' trade‐off hypotheses are operationalized in a multilateral framework and empirically tested using insider‐trading data. The multilateral approach is designed to control for the incentive effects of alternative compensation schemes and to determine the cancellation payment that keeps the executive indifferent between receiving cash or shares. The results show that firms consider both taxes and financial reporting costs in determining their option cancellation behavior.     

The Stock Market Reaction to the Reserve Quantity Disclosures of U.S. Oil and Gas Producers*

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to examine the information content of the components of the annual change in the quantity of proved reserves reported by U.S oil and gas (O&G) producers. In particular, it investigates the contemporaneous association between the unexpected portions of discoveries, production, net purchases, and revisions of prior quantity estimates and unexpected security returns during the release week of the 1984 to 1988 annual reports or forms 10-K of these firms. The empirical results suggest that (1) disaggregating the net change in the quantity of proved reserves into its components conveys additional information beyond that contained in the net change in total proved reserves itself, (2) discoveries are highly associated with security returns even after controlling for production, and (3) revisions, net purchases, and production have a modest influence on security returns. The findings of this study are interpreted within the context of the economic environment of the O&G industry during the test period. Résumé. L'auteur examine le contenu en information des éléments du changement annuel de la quantité de réserves prouvées dont font état les producteurs pétroliers et gaziers des États-Unis. Il s'intéresse en particulier, pour la période 1984–1988, à l'association que l'on établit maintenant entre, d'une part, la portion inattendue des découvertes, la production, les achats nets et la révision des estimations antérieures de quantité et, d'autre part, les rendements imprévus des titres au cours de la semaine de publication des rapports annuels ou des formulaires 10-K des entreprises. Les résultats empiriques donnent à penser que (1) la décomposition en ses différents éléments du changement net dans la quantité des réserves prouvées livre davantage d'information que le changement net global lui-même, (2) les découvertes sont associées de très près aux rendements des titres, même une fois contrôlée la variable production, et (3) les révisions, les achats nets et la production ont une modeste influence sur les rendements des titres. Les résultats de cette étude sont interprétés dans le contexte économique du secteur pétrolier et gazier au cours de la période d'analyse.     

Managing Stock Option Expense: The Manipulation of Option‐Pricing Model Assumptions*

This paper examines whether firms that voluntarily recognize stock option expense in their financial statements manage that expense downward more than firms that do not recognize the expense by adjusting option‐pricing model assumptions. To examine this issue, I collect option‐pricing model assumptions from fiscal year 2002 for both a sample of firms that voluntarily recognize stock option expense (“recognizing firms”) and a sample of control firms that do not (“disclosing firms”). The empirical results suggest that recognizing firms manage the recognized stock‐based compensation expense reported in their financial statements downward more than do firms that only disclose the expense. Additional analyses reveal that recognizing firms assume a lower level of volatility than disclosing firms in the option‐pricing model calculations; however, I find no evidence that recognizing firms manage the dividend yield and risk‐free interest rate assumptions more than disclosing firms. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) recently issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123(R), which requires the expensing of the fair value of stock options, so these results may be of interest to capital‐market participants and the FASB as they assess the reliability of stock option expense as determined by option‐pricing models.     

Accounting Choices and Risk Management: SFAS No. 115 and U.S. Bank Holding Companies*

This paper provides evidence that regulatory contracts affect firms' accounting choices and risk‐management decisions. Specifically, we investigate whether an exogenous shock to regulatory risk induced by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, “Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities” (SFAS 1993), encouraged U.S. banks to deviate from portfolio and risk benchmarks when they adopted the standard. Because we cannot observe relevant benchmarks, we model portfolio and risk decisions as functions of macroeconomic and firm‐specific factors using data from a period when regulatory capital was immune to SFAS No. 115 accounting. We examine a sample of 230 publicly traded banks and find that (1) irrespective of adoption timing, banks classified too few securities available for sale (AFS) relative to estimated benchmarks; (2) weaker banks that adopted the standard early classified far more securities as AFS relative to benchmarks; (3) banks altered the size of their securities portfolios along with the levels of interest‐rate risk and credit risk as regulatory capital decreased; and (4) the level of interest‐rate risk on banks' loan portfolios increased at the time of SFAS No. 115 adoption. We also explore the 1995 Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) amnesty when firms could “readopt” SFAS No. 115. We find that banks used the 1995 FASB amnesty to undo strategic initial SFAS No. 115 adoption decisions. Taken together, our findings suggest that SFAS No. 115 caused some of the accounting and economic consequences predicted by bankers, analysts, and academics.     

No longer left-behind: The impact of return migrant parents on children's performance

Using data from a rural household survey in China in 2009, we examine the impact of parental migration on children's educational outcomes. Consistent with the findings of a large empirical literature, we find that parental migration has a significantly negative impact on left-behind children's educational outcomes as measured by test scores in Chinese and math. But unlike much of the existing studies on the subject, we focus on the remediation effect of return migrant parents on once left-behind children's performance. This empirical strategy allows us to avoid the endogeneity issue concerning the migration decision that may have contaminated previous studies. We find evidence that return migrant parents help alleviate the harms caused by parental migration, and the remediation effect is stronger for children attending middle schools, and stronger for daughters. We also find suggestive evidence that return migrant parents improve children's performance through increases in after-school study time and education-related expenditures, following the return of migrant parents.     

The Differential Role of R&D and SG&A for Earnings Management and Stock Price Manipulation*

This paper documents a differential role of R&D versus selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A) for real earnings management. The distinction of these two components is important because prior studies mostly examine their combined use, but firms could manipulate them differently given the differing valuation implications. Reduced SG&A is viewed positively by investors as evidence of cost reduction, while reduced R&D is viewed negatively by investors as such expenditures are critical signals of expected growth. I examine their use in the context of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) as well as firms receiving accounting and auditing enforcement releases (AAERs). Although both groups face strong incentives to manage earnings upward by reducing expenses, I predict and find that firms will reduce SG&A but increase R&D. During the manipulation period, SEO and AAER firms exhibit lower discretionary SG&A and higher discretionary R&D, relative to control firms, and investors positively value low discretionary SG&A and high discretionary R&D. Overall, this study confirms the importance of distinguishing between R&D and SG&A in real earnings management contexts and suggests a complementary (substitutive) relation between cutting SG&A (R&D) and accruals management.     

Assessing the regulatory process in an international context: Mixed currency SDRS and U.S. bank equity returns

Conclusions This study used the cumulative prediction error methodology to determine if the equity returns of major U.S. banks were affected by the 1974 SDR change. This change by the IMF was viewed as an opportunity to study the adjustment process in international regulation as well as to focus on the policy's net impact. The results strongly support the contention that banks were adversely affected by the change from a dollar-based SDR to a mixed-currency SDR due to the expected increase in lending by the IMF and due to the expectation of inflation and increased exchange volatility.The results also show an expected regulatory pattern of reaction. The primary effect was on the announcement date which had reaction of –0.042 with a test statistic of –14.68. There was a negative drift from day –34 (the announcement day) to day 0 (the implementation day) with the primary decline between days –10 to 0. The implementation date had a smaller, but significant, negative return. These results support those of Davidson [1984] regarding reaction to regulatory change.A key implication of this research is the importance for international monetary agencies to exercise care in implementing policy changes. International repercussions on a country's banking system could occur as a result of a policy change. Evidence from this study indicates that one particular change, namely the recomposition of the SDR, adversely affected the stock values of U.S. banks.     

Cross-Quarter Differences in Stock Price Responses to Earnings Announcements: Fourth-Quarter and Seasonality Influences*

Abstract. This article examines the impact of one form of sales seasonality on the response of equity returns to earnings announcements in different quarters. We regress unexpected announcement period returns on unexpected earnings and compare the results for seasonal firms—those with sales consistently concentrated in the same quarter each year—to those of other firms. For seasonal firms, we find robust evidence of a greater regression intercept and some evidence of a greater earnings response coefficient in peak sales quarters than in nonpeak quarters. These results are consistent with a greater resolution of the uncertainty about seasonal firms' prospects in their peak sales quarters than in other quarters. Our evidence also shows that fourth-quarter earnings announcements have smaller stock price response coefficients than do interim announcements. Some prior has found smaller fourth-quarter earnings response coefficients for small but not large firms. We find some evidence that fourth-quarter earnings response coefficients are smaller than interim-quarter response coefficients for large firms as well as for small firms. This suggests that explanations for smaller fourth-quarter earnings response coefficients need to be applicable to both large and small firms. Résumé. Les auteurs examinent, pour différents trimestres, l'incidence d'une forme de caractère saisonnier des ventes sur la réaction du rendement des actions aux déclarations de bénéfices. Ils effectuent une analyse de régression des rendements imprévus des trimestres par rapport aux bénéfices imprévus et comparent les résultats obtenus dans le cas des entreprises dont les activités sont saisonnières—c'est-à-dire dont les ventes sont systématiquement concentrées dans le même trimestre chaque année—aux résultats obtenus dans le cas des autres entreprises. Dans le cas des entreprises dont les activités sont saisonnières, les résultats de l'analyse démontrent vigoureusement que l'intersection de la régression est supérieure et confirment avec moins de fermeté que le coefficient de réaction aux bénéfices déclarés est supérieur pour les trimestres où le volume des ventes culmine, par rapport aux autres trimestres. Ces résultats permettent de conclure à une plus grande résorption de l'incertitude relative aux perspectives des entreprises dont les activités ont un caractère saisonnier dans les trimestres où les ventes de ces entreprises culminent que dans les autres trimestres. Les résultats de l'analyse démontrent également que les déclarations de bénéfices au quatrième trimestre donnent lieu à des coefficients plus faibles de réaction du cours des actions que les déclarations des trimestres intermédiaires. Certains travaux antérieurs ont établi que les coefficients de réaction aux déclarations de bénéfices du quatrième trimestre étaient plus faibles pour les petites entreprises que pour les grandes. L'analyse des auteurs tend ici à démontrer que les coefficients de réaction aux déclarations de bénéfices du quatrième trimestre sont plus faibles que les coefficients de réaction des trimestres intermédiaires pour les grandes entreprises aussi bien que pour les petites entreprises. Ces constatations donnent à penser que les facteurs qui expliquent les coefficients de réaction plus faibles aux déclarations de bénéfices du quatrième trimestre devraient pouvoir s'appliquer tant aux grandes qu'aux petites entreprises.     

Longitudinal rank tests for detecting location shift in the distribution of abnormal returns: An extension*

Abstract. We extend Chandra and Rohrbach (1990) to explain how to develop a longitudinal rank test (r-test) analogous to any t-test used in the event study literature. We compare all analogous pairs using market model residuals. The r-test is more powerful than the t-test in each pair. This suggests that if the researcher intends to use any t-test then, for more power, the comparable test should be preferred. These results should be useful to the researcher in selecting an r-test for event study because now the same flexibility of choosing an r-test as a t-test is available. Résumé. Les auteurs poussent plus loin les travaux de Chandra et Rohrbach (1990) pour expliquer comment mettre au point un test de rangs logitudinaux (test r) analogue aux différents tests t utilisés dans les ouvrages portant sur l'étude d'événements. Ils comparent toutes les paires analogues en utilisant les résiduels des modèles de marché. Le test r est plus puissant que le test t dans chacune des paires, de sorte qu'on peut penser que si le chercheur prévoit utiliser un test t pour sa puissance, il aurait avantage à recourir au test r comparable. Ces résultats devraient être utiles aux chercheurs dans la sélection d'un test r pour l'étude d'événements puisque, dorénavant, le choix d'un test r peut offrir la même souplesse que celui d'un test t     

The Effect of Limited Liability on the Informativeness of Earnings: Evidence from the Stock and Bond Markets*

Previous empirical research on the informativeness of earnings has focused on stockholders, and has not examined differences in earnings' informativeness for stockholders and bondholders. Because stockholders are residual claimants and bondholders are fixed claimants, the informativeness of earnings should differ for these two types of investors. When a firm's default risk is low, changes in its financial condition should be of limited relevance to bondholders, but should be relevant to stockholders. In contrast, as the likelihood of financial distress increases, stockholders' limited liability allows them to abandon the firm to the bondholders (Fischer and Verrecchia 1997). Accordingly, as a firm's default risk increases, changes in its financial condition should be increasingly important to bondholders and less important to shareholders. Because earnings provide information on firm value, the stock return-earnings association should decrease as the firm's financial strength declines, while the bond return-earnings association should increase. We use two measures of a firm's financial strength: the firm's bond rating and its reporting of a loss. Consistent with our hypotheses, we find that the association between stock returns and changes in annual earnings decreases as bond ratings decline, while the association between bond returns and changes in annual earnings increases. These results suggest that as the company's financial condition deteriorates, earnings become less relevant for stock valuation and more relevant for bond valuation. When we partition firms based on their loss status, we find a stronger association between stock returns and annual earnings changes for firms with positive earnings (profit firms) than for firms with losses, consistent with earlier studies. In contrast, we find that the association between bond returns and earnings changes is greater for loss firms than for profit firms. These results suggest that losses reduce the informativeness of earnings for stockholders but increase informativeness for bondholders, suggesting that investors view losses as indicating increased credit risk.     

The impact of rent seeking activity on U.S. preferential trade and World debt

Zusammenfassung Der Einflu\ von “rent seeking“-Aktivit?ten auf den Pr?ferenzhandel der USA und die Verschuldung in der Welt. - Der Verfasser untersucht die Wirkung der US-Handelspr?ferenzen für Entwicklungsl?nder auf die amerikanischen Einfuhren aus den gr?\ten Schuldnerl?ndern in den Jahren {dy1985} und 1986. Die empirischen Befunde für Argentinien, Brasilien, Indonesien, Korea, Mexiko, die Philippinen und Venezuela zeigen unbedeutende und/ oder kontraproduktive Wirkungen des revidierten Allgemeinen Pr?ferenzsystems auf die US-Importe aus diesen hochverschuldeten Entwicklungsl?ndern.

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Resumen El impacto de la actividad de “rent seeking” sobre el comercio preferencial de los EE.UU. y la deuda externa. - El autor analiza el impacto de las preferencias comerciales ofrecidas por los EE.UU. a los países en desarrollo, el Sistema Generalizado de Preferencias (GSP), sobre las importaciones estadounidenses de manufacturas de países altamente endeudados en {dy1985} y 1986. La evidencia empirica para Argentina, Brasil, Indonesia, Corea del Sur, México, Filipinas y Venezuela indica que los efectos del GSP revisado sobre las importaciones estadounidenses de esos países han sido insignificantes y/o contraproductivos.

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Résumé L’impact de l’activité de ?rent seeking? au commerce préférentiel des Etats-Unis et l’endettement des pays du monde. - L’auteur analyse les effets des préférences commerciales des Etats-Unis qui sont disponibles aux PVD - le système de préférences généralisées (SPG) - aux importations manufacturées américaines qui proviennent des nations avec l’endettement la plus grande en {dy1985} et 1986. L’évidence pour l’Argentine, le Brésil, l’Indonésie, la Corée, le Mexique, les Philippines et le Venezuela indiquent des effets négligeables et/ou improductifs du SPG révisé en ce qui concerne les importations américaines de ces pays.