非惯常环境:旅游核心概念的再研究——建构旅游学研究框架的一种尝试

本文将非惯常环境作为旅游的核心概念,阐述了非惯常环境与惯常环境的特征以及之间的相关关系,以此重新解释和推广了利珀模型和普洛格模型,以一种全新的视角,来审视旅游现象和本质,并试图以非惯常环境概念来重构旅游学研究的学科体系框架。     

旅游概念界定与旅游学科框架构建的一个新视角

通过借鉴和思考,笔者认为闲暇时间是间隔镶嵌在个人一整段生存状态里的片段时间.同时,为了贴切描述旅游者的运动特征,文章引入了物理学中位移的概念.在此基础上,将旅游界定为:人们在一段离开惯常环境但位移为零的生存状态里,利用闲暇时间开展的体验活动,据此辨析了旅游与休闲、旅行和惯常环境与非惯常环境切换复原之间的关系.将旅游划分为兴趣驱动型、事务引致型和综合引致型三种基本类型,并对旅游统计问题进行了探讨.明确旅游概念的内涵和外延后,对旅游学科的研究对象和内容进行了分析,认为其统领学科的理论范畴是个体或群体惯常环境与非惯常环境切换复原中闲暇时间的体验,即新概念意义下的旅游体验.最后,尝试构建旅游学科框架并对其发展提出了建议.     

中国老年人出国旅游需求与制约——基于北京中老年人市场调查

老龄化背景下,出国旅游不仅关乎国家的国际利益,更关乎民生关怀、社会稳定。研究中国各类老龄群体出国旅游客源需求特征、制约因素,有助于这一市场前瞻性开拓的同时,更是为老年人谋福祉,有助于"健康老龄化"。文章运用主成分因子分析等方法对1044个中老年人有效样本的研究发现,比以往老年人更加积极的消费理念决定了当代及下一代老年人的出国旅游需求特征;除了自身、外在、惯常生活和消费理念制约因素以外,与中年人相比,老年人出国旅游更容易受到安全因素,特别是心理安全因素的制约;主观年龄与老年人出国旅游活动之间产生交互影响。满足中老年人的出国旅游意愿是其精神慰藉的重要途径。国家层面应尽快完善出境旅游统计调查制度。     

旅游的时空穿越结构机制研究

本文首先通过语义内涵解读、现象考察和比较分析构建了穿越认知逻辑分析框架,然后从语义学视角应用发生学方法、心理距离理论,通过逻辑分析构建旅游时空穿越回环结构、旅游穿越过程结构机制模型,并对旅游穿越结构进行过程机制分析。研究结论认为:旅游的时空转换结构是一种穿越结构,旅游穿越表现出完整的时空穿越特征,具有人类穿越式对话的典型性;旅游结构的本质是时空穿越;旅游穿越就是通过物理时空转换建立心理距离,最终达成心灵对话之目标。因此,旅游运行的核心矛盾就是解决由物理空间转换带来的交通需要和由穿越式对话带来的旅游实景营造需要,从而实现心理时空穿越。本文通过对旅游结构本质的追问,将"穿越"这一日常化语言抽象为学术语言,形成旅游学内生性概念和范畴,为旅游体验活动提供了一种新型的解释话语,并为不同类型穿越结构、穿越感问题的研究拓展了探讨空间。     

非惯常环境及其体验:旅游核心概念的再探讨

非惯常环境、体验均是旅游定义的核心概念,关系到旅游的本质规定性和概念的周延性.在借鉴和思考的基础上,文章运用现象学方法,将惯常环境和非惯常环境分别细分成足迹环境和非足迹环境两类,并阐述了其概念内涵、特征、影响因素、发展向度以及相互转换消长、切换、投射等关系.同时,将非惯常环境下的体验分为一般性体验和特殊性体验,认为体验是人对于人自身(生理和心理)、人类社会以及自然界的各种事物特定向度的探求和被给予过程,并分析了旅游体验的内涵、特性以及质量评估等问题.     

名实与真实:探索“真实性”议题的本土话语分析框架

随着"真实性"讨论在国内学术界的引入和持续升温,需要看到",真实性"的设问本质上表达了西方世界关于何为"真实"的主导观念及权威话语。在当代旅游研究中",真实性"概念被广泛用于分析从西方到非西方不同社会语境中的旅游现象,而其移用过程本身尚未得到充分反思。因此,在前现代的"游"向现代"旅游"转型的过程中,共时维度语境挪移的"真实性"概念仍需重返历时维度的本土观念和实践传统方能得到落实。基于对"名实观"历史、文化、哲学内涵的追溯辨析以及对徐霞客、李时珍身心之"游"的个案讨论,文章通过"名实观"的引入,揭示出本土之"游"以身正名、求实体真的实践伦理面向,首先旨在反思"真实性"普遍话语的理论限度并设定参照维度;进而尝试建立一种新的话语分析框架,在"名-实"关联的社会历史建构视野中,将"真实性"的一般化讨论导向"真实化"的过程态考察,由此检视"真实性"概念嵌入本土话语场和实践场的复杂动因。     

移动性抑或流动性?——翻译、沿革和解析

文章从社会学、地理学、旅游学三种最多提到mobility范式的学科视角,对mobility研究追根溯源,结合已有文献和现实语境,从提出背景和意义内涵上阐释mobility译为"移动性"的合理性,在概念比较和辨析中追问知识的产生和研究的脉络.从社会学角度来看,Bauman的流动性和Urry的移动性所指不同:前者是现代性的特征,关注时间意义;后者指移动中社会的属性,关注空间维度.从地理学角度来看,移动性研究经历了从侧重实体移动到实体移动、附加移动和虚拟移动并重的移动研究转向,研究的主要领域也从交通地理转化为交通地理、社会地理、旅游地理、文化地理、行为地理乃至政治地理并存的局面,出现了所谓"杂交地理学".从旅游学角度来看,移动性作为桥梁把社会学和地理学连结起来,旅游者通过实体移动、物品移动和虚拟移动,构筑了与异地的多元化关系及网络,引致空间和资源的冲突;由现代科技联接的实体/虚拟移动变革了旅游者离家/在家的体验及传统时空关系,由此也将日益打破旅游/工作、真实/虚幻、神圣/世俗、在场/缺场、主人/客人、地方/人等与旅游相关的二元对立关系.移动性既可以囊括对旅游主体、客体和媒体及其所构筑的复杂网络的研究,也可以打破一贯以西方为中心的旅游研究视角,在全球化的背景下去关注旅游中的各种现象.文章从多学科的视角出发,导出移动性已成为打破学科边界而融合各学科特征的后学科研究范式,希冀这一范式为后续的旅游研究提供更新的思路.     

基于表征视角的旅游目的地形象内涵及其建构边程解析——以丽江古城为例

旅游目的地的旅游活动与其说是一系列旅游产品的组合.不如说是一个过程、一组实践.以此为基点,文章从符号表征的视角重新审视旅游目的地形象的内涵及其建构过程,解释其中所发生的意义生产、嬗变和争斗的过程,发现旅游目的地形象是一种具有社会、文化、心理3个层面的概念,并具有以下特征:群体共享性和差异性;社会根源性和规范说明性;相对稳定性和长期动态性.旅游目的地形象的建构过程本质上是符号表征功能的运作,而旅游目的地形象建构的意义就在于规范和组织旅游目的地社群和旅游者群体内的旅游活动.     

中国老年人出国旅游需求与制终——基于北京中老年人市场调查

老龄化背景下，出国旅游不仅关乎国家的国际利益，更关乎民生关怀、社会稳定。研究中国各类老龄群体出国旅游客源需求特征、制约因素。有助于这一市场前瞻性开拓的同时，更是为老年人谋福祉，有助于“健康老龄化”。文章运用主成分因子分析等方法对1044个中老年人有效样本的研究发现，比以往老年人更加积极的消费理念决定了当代及下一代老年人的出国旅游需求特征；除了自身、外在、惯常生活和消费理念制约因素以外，与中年人相比，老年人出国旅游更容易受到安全因素，特别是心理安全因素的制约；主观年龄与老年人出国旅游活动之间产生交互影响。满足中老年人的出国旅游意愿是其精神慰藉的重要途径。国家层面应尽快完善出境旅游统计调查制度。     

基于表征视角的旅游目的地形象内涵及其建构过程解析——以丽江古城为例

旅游目的地的旅游活动与其说是一系列旅游产品的组合，不如说是一个过程、一组实践。以此为基点，文章从符号表征的视角重新审视旅游目的地形象的内涵及其建构过程，解释其中所发生的意义生产、嬗变和争斗的过程，发现旅游目的地形象是一种具有社会、文化、心理3个层面的概念，并具有以下特征：群体共享性和差异性；社会根源性和规范说明性；相对稳定性和长期动态性。旅游目的地形象的建构过程本质上是符号表征功能的运作，而旅游目的地形象建构的意义就在于规范和组织旅游目的地社群和旅游者群体内的旅游活动。     

告别了的生活

过去有一套"嗑儿",说"关东城(东北)三大怪,窗户纸,糊在外,大姑娘叼个大烟袋,养活孩子吊起来." 窗为木窗棂,有菱形、正方、盘常(现叫中国结)等花样.分上下两扇.有"窗蛤蟆"(蛙嘴形木块),挡住上下四个窗轴,开关拆卸灵便.需通风上扇支起,三伏天狗伸舌头的时候,上下全御,那叫敞亮.     

追寻尼姑肉身的人生轨迹

曾经是大家闺秀,却出家当了尼姑.为国为家,她参加了抗美援朝.她会针疚,曾给无数人治过病,圆寂之后成为少见的尼姑肉身.     

The Japanese Travel Life Cycle

Summary

This paper offers an alternative way of segmenting a non-western travel market, namely, the Japanese outbound market. The segmentation schema comprises several institutionalised forms of travel likely to be undertaken by a Japanese individual in the course of his or her life. Coined the ‘travel life cycle,' the concept fits Japanese society well due to the highly organized and group-oriented patterns of travel that have emerged over the past one hundred years. While this form of segmentation is unlikely to be usefully applied to western travel markets, its application in the Japanese context may suggest that it has relevance when examining the travel patterns of other tradition-bound and group-oriented Asian travel markets such as Korea, China or Indonesia. The paper's conceptual contribution lies in the implicit suggestion that particular cultures may develop and exhibit unique forms of consumption behavior that lie outside the conceptual framework normally adopted by western academics and marketing practitioners. Manageri-ally, the paper suggests ways by which tourism operators and tourism promotion bodies can more efficiently and effectively target Japanese travellers according to the stage of travel life cycle.     

休闲与日常生活的反正——列斐伏尔日常生活批判的独特维度

大众休闲时代的到来,生活方式变革与社会发展批判的双重需要,休闲与日常生活理论研究凸显紧迫性和重要性.列斐伏尔的日常生活批判和休闲批判独树一帜.他主张通过节庆和都市化进行日常生活的微观改造,倡导生活和艺术融合的文化革命,成就“需求-劳动-愉悦”三位一体的“总体的人”.他坚持马克思主义的辩证法和实践论,其理论具有浪漫主义美学的“乌托邦”色彩.今天,休闲之哲学本位是从日常生活的日常性中突围出来对自由和诗性的追求.休闲在实践中是人们摆脱日常生活困境的自然选择,同时担负着理论上审美救赎和思想解放之功能.休闲——反抗异化的休闲、超越物质占有的休闲,是生活方式变革的重要组成部分.休闲既是日常生活的一部分,也意味着日常生活的反正.     

Family Life Cycle and Cohort Effects:

This paper discusses various aspects of travel patterns with respect to the family life cycle (FLC). A modernized FLC is proposed which reduces the number of non-classifiable cases. Based on longitudinal data, the paper explores not only the dependence of destination choice, seasonality, choice of accommodation, and transportation on the FLC, but also differences between three cohorts. It is concluded that that the FLC affects travel pattern considerably, however, other influences such as the cohort effect should be given more consideration. It is argued that longitudinal approaches can be valuable additions to the commonly used cross0sectioanl inquires in market research and positioning.     

Life satisfaction and support for tourism development

The purpose of this study is to better understand local residents’ support for tourism development by exploring residents’ perceived value of tourism development, life domain satisfaction (material/non-material), and overall quality of life in their community. The study provides the theoretical and empirical evidence of the relationships among those constructs. Using a sample of residents from five different tourism destinations, the results of a structural equation modeling approach indicated that residents’ perceived value of tourism development positively affects non-material and material life domain satisfaction; thereby, it contributes to overall quality of life. Finally, overall quality of life is an effective predictor of support for further tourism development.     

Tourism,Health and Quality of Life:

Tourism is regarded by society as being a healthy pursuit and a factor in increasing quality of life. This paper examines concepts of quality of life, health and the promotional tenets of tourism marketing-the "Four S's," and examines the healthiness of these pursuits. The paper questions whether it is repsonsible to continue to use these themes in the future. Finally, a new paradigm for tourism marketing and promotion is presented.     

Spillover Between Work and Personal Life for Lodging Managers

ABSTRACT

The hospitality and tourism industry is characterized by long and erratic work hours. Many jobs are unsuitable for working at home. The unique features of the lodging industry and the demands of lodging managers' jobs often have interfered with the personal lives and marital relationships of these managers. The situation may even lead to a decision to leave the specific occupation or the industry permanently. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the perspectives of Taiwan hotel managers' regarding work-personal life balance and its relationship to various demographic variables, such as gender, marital status, etc. Results indicate that very few of Taiwanese managers had difficulty balancing work and personal lives. Indeed, the majority of these managers reported their perception of success in balancing work and personal life as from neutral to very successful. No statistically significant differences were found between female and male managers in terms of perceived difficulty or success in work and personal life balance. Neither was there a significant difference among married or single female/male managers. Results also suggested that work interfered with personal life more frequently than personal life did with work.     

Travel Life Cycles-A Multitemporal Perspective of Changing Travel Patterns

The temporal dimensions of tourism have received little attention in tourism research. This paper discusses period, life cycle and cohort effects with respect to destination and transportation choice of German residents. Using chi-square statistics, very significant differences are discerned for all three time dimensions. This refutes the determination of the most important effect. Trend surface analysis is used to calculate the underlying main trends. This suggests that at different times the individual effects are more pronounced. Hence, the common failure to consider other time dimensions while discussing one may result in precipitant conclusions and actions.