基于AHP法的采购模式的评估与选择

目前,我国企业采购模式基本上还处于传统模式阶段,既没有明确的采购策略,也没有把采购上升到一个更高的战略层次;学术界对我国企业采购模式的研究也远远落后于发达国家。层次分析法(AHP)把定量分析和定性分析相结合,已经广泛地应用于经济管理各个领域。在AHP的基础上构建相应的采购模式模型,可为企业单位建设采购平台、完善采购机制、提高采购效率,提供理论和数据依据;可以为科学化、自动化的决策过程提供理论基础和实现方法。基于AHP法对海尔采购模式的选择进行的评估,亦表明了这一方法所具有的科学性,对其他企业具有很大的借鉴意义。     

E-commerce sellers' ratings: Is user feedback adequate?

The literature on the theory of public procurement points out two well-known informational problems arising out of information asymmetry: (i) adverse selection and (ii) moral hazard. To reduce these issues and foster credibility and trust in the procurement process while maintaining quality and efficiency in public procurement, e-procurement platforms have turned to reputation or rating systems. Therefore, the research and design of such rating systems are crucial. In this study, we discuss the theoretical underpinnings of procurement and employ the information-theoretic, regression analysis, artificial neural network and principal component analysis (PCA) approaches to estimate the weights of the variables entering the rating system. Using real data from Government e-Marketplace, a business-to-business public e-commerce portal, we empirically determine the weights of the rating variables derived from the transaction-level and user feedback data for sellers. The weights obtained from the PCA are the most applicable compared with the other three methods. We compare the old rating system with the newly proposed design using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. This results in a statistically significant difference between the two ratings. The canonical correlation and Wilks' trial reveal that the ratings derived from transaction-level data and user feedback are uncorrelated to a great extent. Hence, considering only transaction-level data or user feedback is unlikely to divulge sellers' intrinsic worth. E-commerce platforms can use this approach to quickly implement methods to obtain rating scores on a real-time basis for sellers on online platforms.     

Cross‐Functional Influence and the Supplier Selection Decision in Competitive Environments: Who Makes the Call?

This paper presents the results of a multiple‐case study that examines how procurement and engineering personnel share priorities, have a common vision, and influence the supplier selection decision in competitive environments of varying risk and uncertainty. We interviewed 113 procurement and engineering respondents from 26 different companies/business units across up‐, mid‐, and downstream segments of the oil and gas industry. Following a middle‐range theorizing approach, we develop a series of working propositions and theoretical frameworks, utilizing goal congruence theory to sharpen proposition development and create suggested extensions for theory. In general, we find that engineering personnel tend to dominate cross‐functional decision making in higher risk environments and that more equal arrangements exist when both risk and uncertainty are low. When competitive environment risk is low but uncertainty is high, considerable disagreement arises over which function “leads” this decision. Higher risk environments drive higher goal congruence through shared vision and consensus on who makes supplier selection decisions.     

基于供应链柔性的采购契约研究

从供应链采购的重要性出发,提出了供应链柔性的概念,并引出了供应链采购柔性的相关概念,及其重要影响因素-采购契约。分析供应链成员制定的采购契约,研究采购契约的主要参数,并建立了测度供应链柔性的模型,在此基础上推出了采购成本的计算公式。通过算例分析,进一步地研究与分析了主要的契约参数对于供应链柔性的影响状况,加以总结,并指出了进一步的研究方向。     

Mind the Gaps: Exploring How Value‐Creation Perceptions Across the Internal Triad Influence Identity and Impact

New value‐creation opportunities mean the future of supply chain management (SCM) is bright. Growing C‐suite sponsorship for supply chain contributions to enterprise value creation is a positive factor for the future of the discipline. However, rising C‐suite requests mean that supply chain professionals must manage an internal triad of relationships: horizontally with peer functions and vertically with C‐level executives. How well supply chain professionals manage this triad will determine SCM's future role in strategic initiatives. We use procurement to exemplify the opportunities and challenges that confront a maturing supply chain discipline. Focus studies conducted with procurement managers and peer functional managers combined with C‐suite interviews reveal: (1) great opportunities for cementing SCM's value‐creation role; and (2) existing gaps hinder identity construction and professional contribution.     

What: An argumentative groupware approach for organizing and documenting research activities

The topic of this paper is a process‐vs.‐product design method representation called Argumentative Writing (AW). Argumentative writing is a multi‐representation approach for conducting and reporting research projects. AW has at least two representations: one for structuring the problem‐understanding/solving process and one for communicating its product to others. We discuss WHAT, a hypertext‐based tool for AW. In WHAT (Writing with a Hypermedia‐based Argumentative Tool), the design process is captured using Rittel's Issue Based Information Systems (IBIS) method (Conklin, 1988; Hashim, 1990a; Rittel, 1980). The product of the design process is represented in WHAT using a general document‐representation scheme. In the Introduction we raise four major issues that we explore in the rest of the paper. Also in the Introduction, we show the impact the WHAT approach can have on organizational computing applications such as business education and training (Hashim, Rathnam, & Whinston, 1991) and the design of dialectical organizational information systems. The section “A Methodological Basis for AW Tools”; deals with the rationale behind choosing the IBIS method in capturing the design process. The section after that explains WHAT, and the section following it explores its use as a groupware tool. The applicability of WHAT and its pros and cons are discussed in two separate sections. In the Conclusion we outline the potentiality of the approach and present suggestions for its further development. Since our first reporting on WHAT (Hashim, 1990b), the AW approach was found applicable to educational, scientific, and business areas. One such application is for structuring case discussions in business schools (Hashim et al., 1991).     

制造企业的供应链采购管理策略分析

制造企业的材料采购是很重要的环节。本文运用系统的方法,提出了在制造企业供应链采购管理难点和存在的诸多问题,并提出完善信息网络,建立采购信息数据库;重视采购成本的综合考虑;从对采购商品的管理转变为对供应商的管理等策略,期望为制造企业的采购管理提供借鉴。     

Learning from evaluation by peer team: a case study of a family counselling organization

This qualitative study explores how employees learn from Team Primacy Concept‐based employee evaluation and how they use the feedback in performing their jobs. Team Primacy Concept‐based evaluation is a type of multirater evaluation. The distinctive characteristic of such evaluation is its peer feedback component during which the employee's performance is discussed by peers in a face‐to‐face team setting. The study used Kolb's experiential learning model to describe the process by which employees learn from Team Primacy Concept‐based employee evaluation and the ways in which they use the knowledge to improve their job performance. The study found eight major dimensions that highlight employee learning as a result of the employees' engagement in the process of Team Primacy Concept‐based evaluation.     

流通业的物流模式研究

物流在流通业的表现决定了流通业服务水平的高低和商品的最终价格。目前中国流通业的物流尚存在一些问题,物流在流通业中有四种模式,即:自营物流、外包物流、共同化配送、供应商配送,商业企业在什么情况下采取自营物流或外包物流是需认真选择的。所以未来流通业的物流将朝着电子商务、专业物流、供应链优化和优化采购环节等方向发展。     

The impact of privatisation on procurement management: evidence from seven privatised companies in the UK

A major argument in favour of privatisation is that it prompts the companies involved to increase efficiency in order to survive in their new environment. This implies, inter alia, a reconsideration of external resource management with a view to maximising its contribution to the bottom line. This study provides evidence on procurement changes in seven UK privatised companies based on a questionnaire completed by procurement managers of these companies and semi-structured follow-up interviews. The results suggest that, in general, there have been some substantial changes in procurement since privatisation. However, in the main these were driven initially by cost-cutting pressures. More recently, the companies have begun to adopt what may be viewed as a more “strategic” approach to external resource management.     

基于熵权的装备采购组织绩效评价研究

装备采购组织体系改革的实际,建立装备采购组织的绩效评价指标体系,并针对现有指标体系权重确定方法的不足,建立了基于熵权的装备采购绩效评价方法。同时应用该方法对我军某军区的四个采购部门进行组织绩效评价。评价结果表明:基于熵权的组织绩效评价方法能够有效计算各指标的权重,有很强的实用价值,为装备采购组织绩效评价提供了一种新的评价方法,也为装备采购组织改革决策提供了科学的参考依据。     

THE SUCCESSFUL CROSS‐DOCK BASED SUPPLY CHAIN

A supply chain using the cross‐dock approach can speed goods from upstream suppliers to downstream customers quickly and cost‐effectively, with benefits to the entire chain, if the appropriate type of cross‐dock is chosen and then designed, staffed and managed for effective performance. Unlike a warehouse, which offers storage, a cross‐dock is a high performance rapid transit point that does not provide storage. Although cross‐docks have been studied with some thoroughness, what has not been seen clearly is that a cross‐dock does not operate in isolation and therefore can't be optimized independently from the upstream and downstream processes. To be successful, cross‐dock optimization makes demands for high performance on all members of the supply chain in terms of speed, effective planning, high reliability, near error‐proof processes and a high degree of transparency, visibility and information‐sharing; accordingly, the article refers to this integrative perspective as a “cross‐dock based supply chain.” To make clear this interdependency between the cross‐dock and the chain based on it, a new definition that classifies types of cross‐dock based supply chains is offered. To assist scholars analyzing and industry management choosing a cross‐dock approach, cross‐dock based supply chains are classified as falling into three different types. Lastly, based on field work in industry and on literature review, nine critical success factors for cross‐dock based supply chain operations are offered.     

政府采购腐败的机理分析及其防范措施

本文认为,腐败是公共权力在民众与国家或官员之间委托代理运行的必然产物。在政府采购活动中,存在着"纳税人—政府—财政部门—政府采购机构—政府采购官员"这样一条长长的委托代理链,作为初始委托人的纳税人实际上没有行为能力,既不能在政府采购市场决策中签约,也不能从中直接受益,而其他委托代理人则由于利益关联会产生一系列政府采购腐败。政府采购腐败产生的根源主要是制度的缺失,也受非制度因素的影响。政府采购腐败的防范既需要政府采购制度的创新,也需要非制度措施的配合。对政府采购腐败的制度防范,一要完善采购制度,加大寻租成本,降低寻租收益,抑制寻租行为;二要建立政府采购公开制度,增加采购透明度,使政府采购行为各环节在相关法定程序及政府部门和社会的监督下进行;三要加强政府监管制度,健全政府采购招投标竞争机制。对政府采购腐败的非制度防范,一要完善政府采购相关法律体系,对政府采购的使用范围、管理权限、履约责任等政策性和技术性问题进行明确界定;二要加强政府采购人员教育工作,建立政府采购人员资格认证制度;三要努力提高各利益主体的相互监督意识,建立全方位监督体系。     

采购订单汇总研究

基于尽可能降低采购成本的管理思想,加上信息技术的应用所创造的条件,如今大多数集团或大型企业在采购体制上,都选择了集中采购这种管理制度。在集中采购这种模式中,采购计划一般都会涉及到采购订单的汇总。本文从采购订单汇总概述,所用的数据参数,采购订单汇总的方法,采购订单汇总的操作过程,采购订单汇总的整理下达,采购订单汇总计划的实施及跟踪等六个方面做了分析,希望能对同行有所裨益。     

USAGE AND PERFORMANCE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT

This study examines the relationship between the extent of electronic procurement (e‐procurement) usage, measured in different dimensions on volume, diversity, breadth, and depth, and the performance gains with respect to operations and financial performance. A survey of companies in Singapore resulted in 141 usable responses for data analyses. Findings reveal that different dimensions of e‐procurement usage have different relationships with performance.     

Item selection for global purchasing

The progressive removal of trade barriers coupled with improved international communications, transportation and logistics offer increasing scope for procurement on global markets; on the other hand, use of JIT policies for procurement and production drive towards the greater use of local suppliers. The international purchasing decision is examined in cases where the vendor location has changed and a model is presented to identify those items which can beneficially be procured from abroad and those which are best obtained locally. The model is then applied to a number of items and some broad guidelines are proposed for selecting appropriate procurement strategies.     

新西兰大学的MarketSite网上采购系统

最近,新西兰奥塔哥大学开发了一种全新的财务管理系统,MarketSite网上采购系统,并于2007年投入使用。该系统以其安全快捷的功能设计,经济透明的采购模式给笔者留下了深刻印象。这一系统的创新性的设计理念和高效的采购管理方式,相信对提高我国的财务管理水平,有很好的指导与借鉴意义。     

An international perspective of the business incubators' perception about business model canvas for startups

This work aims to approach the reasons for Business Incubators (BINCs) to replace Business Plan by Business Model Canvas (BMC) for creating and accelerating the startup process. The main value of this study lies in its empirical appliance to test the adoption of business modeling for startups in two different entrepreneurial ecosystems. A qualitative approach has been used in analyzing two case‐studies, one from Brazil (Supera) and the other from Portugal (Fabrica). The method used was inquiring into the managers' impressions when helping to create startups and accelerating their development. The analysis was based on the data obtained from interviews and secondary data through a content analysis technique supported by ATLAS ti 7.0 software. The findings highlight how the use of BMC is bringing real opportunities for the development of nascent businesses. Furthermore, the perceptions of the BINCs studied suggest the adequacy of this model to startups due to their flexibility, user‐friendliness, and capability to manage innovation, communicate, and share business logic.     

A comparison of alternative theoretical explanations of consumer food safety assessments

The technical approach assumes that risk assessments made by technical experts are relatively objective and value‐free evaluations of the probability of negative consequences arising from use of a technology. Risk communication strategies associated with the technical approach focus upon educating an uninformed public about ‘actual’ risk. When consumer perceptions do not agree with technical assessments, consumers are deemed to be uniformed, irrational and sometimes dangerous to public health programmes. The social process approach assumes that technical assessments and applications of technology are influenced by political, social and economic interests. Consumer perceptions arise from social interaction with family and friends and depend strongly upon trust in societal institutions. Risk communication strategy emphasizes the importance of two‐way communication that encourages well reasoned public discourse and trust in societal institutions. Findings from examining the cognitive, emotional, and social determinants of perceptions of food irradiation for 164 adults residing in the Mid‐western USA indicate that the technical and social process approaches are complementary, but most of the variance in acceptance and perceived risk was explained by variables associated with the social process approach.