基于持久收入假说对我国城乡居民收入与消费关系的比较研究

本文以弗里德曼持久收入理论为基础,分析了我国城镇居民和农村居民的持久收入、暂时收入与消费的关系,以及城乡居民消费的不同特点.     

基于持久收入假说对我国城乡居民收入与消费关系的比较研究

本文以弗里德曼持久收入理论为基础,分析了我国城镇居民和农村居民的持久收入、暂时收入与消费的关系,以及城乡居民消费的不同特点。     

收入分配、财富积累与城镇居民财产性收入——一个研究假说及其验证

本文结合我国居民收入和财富差距持续扩大的现实,系统研究了城镇居民收入分配差距对财产性收入的影响和作用机制,并利用2000-2009年省级面板数据进行实证检验.研究发现,由于差异税率和边际消费倾向递减规律的作用,收入分配差距的扩大增加了居民总税负的同时也提高了社会总消费,综合效应导致社会财富积累和居民的财产性收入减少.同时,本文还发现了城镇居民财产性收入与股市参与深度正相关、与房价收入比负相关的结论.本文的研究为拓宽我国城镇居民分享和获取更多财产性收入的政策取向提供了经验支持.     

持久性收入对中国农民消费影响分析

运用弗里德曼的持久性收入假说分析我国农民的消费问题,并利用计量经济学的方法对中国历年农民消费统计数据进行分析,得出“持久性收入及持久性收入的边际消费倾向对我国现阶段农民消费支出影响较大”的结论,并从增加持久性收入和提高持久性收入的边际消费倾向两个方面就增加农民消费提出政策建议。     

影响中国城镇居民边际消费倾向的因素分析

增加居民消费支出是促进经济增长的源泉之一 ,城镇居民消费水平的高低不仅取决于收入的多少 ,还取决于边际消费倾向的大小。文章主要分析了影响城镇居民边际消费倾向的因素 ,认为收入水平的差距、物价水平的高低 ,消费信贷的发展以及预防性储蓄动机四个因素相互作用 ,共同影响我国城镇居民边际消费倾向。     

我国城乡居民文化消费的特征及趋势

对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)城乡居民的文化消费数据进行分析的结果表明,城乡居民文化消费边际消费倾向分别呈非对称的倒U型和较对称的倒U型,城镇居民文化边际消费倾向要大于农村居民。我国城乡居民的文化消费收入弹性已大于1,但城乡居民收入弹性分化明显,城镇居民明显高于农村居民。短期内要促进文化市场的大繁荣大发展,关键要促进城镇居民收入的增加。而从长期来看,未来文化消费市场的潜力在农村。     

我国城镇居民边际消费倾向的实证研究

笔者对扩展线性支出系统(ELES)模型作了改进,用改进的ELES模型和面板数据估计出我国城镇居民2002年～2005年对各类消费品的基本需求,分别计算出各年各收入组对各种消费品和全部消费品的边际消费倾向,各年平均、各收入组平均的边际消费倾向,对各类边际消费倾向进行了简要分析.     

我国城镇居民信息消费需求研究

本文通过国家统计局的相关数据分析了我国城镇居民消费的基本现状后,并采用扩展线性支出系统,即ELES,通过Eviews统计软件对2009年至2014年的信息消费的各项进行分析,得出信息消费各项的需求收入弹性、基本需求以及边际消费倾向.最终得出结论,居民信息消费与人均可支配收入之间存在着稳定的函数关系;交通通讯与文教娱乐将是我国城镇居民的消费热点等,并在此基础上提出政策建议.     

消费、收入约束与股票溢价

由于低收入居民缺乏金融资产,无法通过消费与投资选择,直接影响资产收益率,因此,利用全国人均消费数据来检验消费资本资产定价模型(CCAPM)可能会导致设定偏差.按收入分组的城镇居民家庭消费支出数据检验了收入约束假说,考察了是否高收入居民的消费模式与CCAPM更为一致.CCAPM在各收入组的表现是不规律的,收入约束假说没能通过实证检验,将收入约束纳入到CCAPM的研究中未能解开股票溢价之谜.     

中国城镇居民收入和消费不平等的构成及其关系*

本文运用2002-2009年城镇居民住户调查数据,对城镇居民收入和消费不平等的构成及其联系进行研究。本文发现：城镇居民收入不平等主要是工资性收入导致的;工资性和财产性收入对总收入不平等的边际贡献为正,转移性和经营性收入的边际贡献则为负;养老金和退休金是缓解收入不平等的最主要因素;食品、交通通信支出是城镇居民消费不平等的主要构成部分,前者的边际贡献为负,后者的边际贡献为正;收入不平等是消费不平等的主要原因。     

迁移、自选择与收入分配-来自中国城乡的证据

本文强调两个事实:第一,农村居民并非同质,他们根据自身的特征决定迁移与否;第二,那些成功地改变了户籍身份的永久移民与没能改变户籍身份的临时移民之间有着显著的差异。利用2002年的CHIP数据发现,永久移民的正选择效应非常明显,它使得农村地区教育水平较高、处于收入分布较高位置的样本减少。这导致农村的收入水平和农村内部的不平等程度降低,阻碍了城乡差距的降低。相反,临时移民的选择效应几乎可以忽略不计。     

A Permanent Income Model of Public Consumption

This paper tests the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) for public consumption. Unlike private agents, a government is a representative national, infinitely-lived agent that usually faces no liquidity constraints. Thus, the expectation is that the PIH restrictions should not be rejected for public consumption. However, using U.S. data, the paper is unable to find evidence supporting the permanent income model of public consumption. Public consumption is found to be sensitive to lagged public income and too smooth relative to permanent public income. The results therefore cast doubt on the characterization of the public sector as a social welfare optimizing agent.     

A reexamination of the consumption function using frequency domain regressions

This paper reexamines the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) in the frequency domain. In contrast to some time domain tests, our frequency domain approach provides an explicit and natural test ofboth the permanentand transitory implications of the PIH for jointly nonstationary consumption and income data. Using a simple theoretical model, we demonstrate that the PIH implies the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) out of zero frequency income is unity. The PIHalso implies that the theoretical MPC out of transitory (or high frequency) income is smaller than the long-run MPC. These theoretical restrictions are natural implications of Friedman's hypothesis that agents consume out of permanent or low frequency income and (dis)save out of transitory or high frequency income. We test this full set of restrictions directly using spectral regression techniques. Under our set of assumptions, the derived disposable income process is shown to have a unit root and to be cointegrated with consumption. We therefore employ a systems spectral regression procedure that accommodates stochastic trends in the consumption and income series as well as the joint dependence in these series. In view of the relatively recent development of these systems spectral estimators, we also conduct Monte Carlo simulations across both low and high frequencies to assess properties of the estimator relative to established single equation techniques. New empirical estimates of the consumption function and tests of the PIH based on systems spectral regression methods are reported for U.S. aggregate consumption and income data over the period 1948–1993. The empirical results provide some evidence for the theoretical implications of the PIH.     

EXCESS SMOOTHNESS OF CONSUMPTION IN JAPAN*

The purpose of this paper is to test whether excess smoothness of consumption, which is not consistent with the permanent income hypothesis (PIH), is observed in Japan. Two simple testing procedures are employed and several measures of Japanese aggregate consumption are used in the analysis. Further, for purposes of comparison, US aggregate data and Japanese income quintile group data are also used. The findings of the paper are the following: all estimates of the consumption variability ratio indicate an excess smoothness of consumption in Japan; the results of tests of PIH differ depending on the testing procedures and the measures of consumption used, in contrast to the results for the US; and the consumption variability ratio is likely to be smaller in lower income groups. This suggests the possible existence of significant liquidity constraints or transactions costs in Japan.     

A Cross-country Test of the Permanent Income Hypothesis

The Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) predicts an income innovation has the same size effect on consumption as on permanent income, an implication we examine with a cross-country test proposed by Kormendi & LaHaye (1984). The data from industrial countries support PIH but data from developing countries do not. Also, however, data from countries with high quality national income accounts support PIH whereas data from countries with low quality accounts do not. The stage of economic development and data quality are highly correlated. The evidence suggests that the results may be driven primarily by data quality differences rather than systematically different behaviour between industrial and developing countries.     

Heterogeneity in Ability and Inheritance,Disparities, and Development

This paper investigates the impact of income inequality on economic growth. A two-period overlapping generations model is developed where agents are heterogeneous in innate abilities and inheritance. In the first period, they receive their inheritance and their abilities are revealed. There are only two types of abilities: high and low. Individuals decide on their education level, and divide their inheritance between spending on education and saving. In the second period, individuals supply their labor and allocate the labor income and the return to their saving between consumption and bequests to their offsprings. Initial capital stock is owned entirely by the capitalists. In this context, a more equal distribution of income enhances economic growth if the economy is lower than a threshold capital-labor ratio, while income inequality has an insignificant effect above this threshold. The predictions of the model are tested empirically using the Hansen (1999) threshold estimation. The results, using a panel of 70 countries for the period 1971-1999, suggest that there is a statistically significant threshold income per capita, below which the coefficient on the relationship between inequality and economic growth is significantly negative and above which the estimate is not significant.     

Household Debt,Consumption, and Income Inequality

Using the Johansen and Engle–Granger cointegration tests, we show that there is one cointegrating relationship between household debt, consumption, and income inequality in the United States for the period from 1929 to 2009. Given this result, we use a Vector Error-Correction model to further understand the dynamics among the three variables. Results indicate that increases in income inequality and consumption directly contribute to increases in household debt. Interestingly, the results reveal some feedback from household debt to income inequality. We also show that debt-driven consumption should be viewed with caution as the results show that increases in household debt correspond with future declines in the rate of consumption.     

An empirical analysis of income disparity and consumption in China

Using China’s provincial data from 1991 to 2005, this paper analyzes the impact of urban income disparity on their consumption based on static and dynamic panel data models and state space model. The GMM and Kalman Filter methods are used in the estimation and the variables such as income and price are controlled. The empirical results show that the elasticity of permanent income to consumption is much higher than that of temporary income; and the impact of income disparity on consumption is negative and substantial. A rise of 0.01 in the absolute value of Gini coefficient will cause a reduction of 0.35% in consumption on average. The effects fluctuate with the change of economic structure, consumption expectation and economic cycle. In the beginning years of 1990s, it is positive to enlarge income disparity moderately for consumption. It is the year of 1996 that the negative effect first appears in China. During 1998–2004, an increase of 0.01 to the absolute value of Gini coefficient will result in the reduction of consumption to fluctuate between 0.37% and 0.54%. In order to enlarge domestic demand and promote consumption, the focus should be the improvement of permanent income instead of temporary income, and the vigorous policies to reduce income disparity.     

初次收入分配与技术进步——基于马克思主义经济学的视角

生产力概念的深化对于马克思主义的发展非常重要,考察初次收入分配与技术进步之间的关系是一个可行的切入点。在税收收入占比保持不变的情况下,劳动收入占比的下降意味着资本收入占比的上升。劳动收入占比的下降缩小了消费市场规模而抑制技术进步(消费效应),资本收入占比的提高使得企业技术投资面临更少的融资约束而促进技术进步(融资效应),初次收入分配与技术进步之间可能呈现出无关、线性或者倒U型关系,其具体关系要视消费效应和融资效应的相对强弱而定。基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析发现,中国初次收入分配与技术进步之间的关系呈现出倒U型关系,存在一个最有利于技术进步的初次收入分配格局,意味着当前需要同时保护劳动和资本的权利。     

收入不确定性对农民消费的影响研究

不确定性一直是限制农民消费的重要因素,研究和测算不确定性对我国农民消费的影响对于解决农民消费问题具有重要意义。本文通过调整离差率对收入不确定性进行测算,并采取构造消费函数和进行分段比较两种方法对收入不确定性与农民消费之间的作用关系进行实证研究。研究发现:收入不确定性的数值大小及其方向问题都对农民消费具有显著影响。进而,在此基础上,提出促进我国农民消费升级的对策建议。