“热钱”涌入中国的路径及对策

由于中国经济的快速发展,大量境外热钱通过各种渠道流入中国,在一定程度上导致了股市和房价上涨。从各个方面阐述中国面临的热钱形势,分析了热钱流入中国的原因、渠道,研究热钱流动对中国的影响等,提出一系列监管热钱应该采取的相应措施,进一步解决要摆脱国际热钱大规模流动带来的包括人民币升值压力在内的一系列困扰,必须采取疏堵结合的方式。     

FDI与房价

本文在存量模型基础上,构建了一个外资参与的房地产市场局部均衡模型,考察了外资对房价的影响。理论模型显示,需求环节外资流入将导致房价上涨,开发环节外资流入将导致房价下降。本文使用中国35个大中城市1996-2010年的房地产市场和FDI数据,发现开发环节外资（FDI）对中国大中城市房价具有显著负向影响。另一方面,FDI与房价的影响是非对称的,FDI对房价的影响大于房价对FDI的影响。因此,为抑制高房价,在对需求环节外资（“热钱”）严格限制下,应鼓励外资进入房地产开发。此外,收入是影响房价的最主要因素;城市化越快,房价越容易上涨。     

境外“热钱”、人民币汇率与物价水平

本文在准确测算境内热钱的基础上,采用格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应分析和方差分解等分析方法,对当前备受关注的热钱、人民币汇率与物价水平三者之间的关系进行了深入的研究。研究结果显示,人民币升值会吸引境外热钱流入国内,同时热钱流入又增大了人民币升值压力。热钱的流入和人民币升值是物价上涨的原因,说明本轮通货膨胀兼具国际输入型和成本推动型特征。方差分解结果显示热钱流入和人民币升值引起的物价水平上涨各占物价总上涨水平的20%左右,因此并不构成本轮通货膨胀的主要原因。     

国际热钱的流入对我国PPI变化的实证研究

本文主要运用ADF检验和Granger因果检验,对2005年7月至2013年9月我国热钱流入规模与PPI同比增速之间的关系进行了计量分析.研究表明,国际热钱的流入是导致PPI上升的Granger原因,而PPI上升不是国际热钱流入的Granger原因.关于如何减少国际热钱流入对我国基础工业产品的价格影响,本文主要从防控热钱流入方面提出相关政策建议.     

热钱流入对我国的影响及对策

本文从热钱流入的渠道开始,说明了热钱正通过不同途径大量流入我国,有可能影响到我国的金融安全。并从理论上和实证上对热钱流入的原因进行了分析。要解决热钱流入问题就要加强人民币汇率机制的建设,加强对国际资本流动的监管以及政府对货币政策的调控。     

我国房价上涨的特殊原因及对策建议

本文从房价收入比、商品房空置率和房屋租售率等方面对我国房价大幅上涨现象进行分析,探讨在国际金融危机的背景下房价上涨的特殊原因,并对信贷扩张、热钱涌入、地方政府行为驱动、实体经济资金注入等原因进行剖析,提出控制房价以使我国房地产市场健康发展的对策。     

热钱流入我国的诱导因素研究

热钱的流入会放大市场的流动性,加剧通货膨胀,而热钱进入股市、楼市后会推助资产价格非理性上涨,容易制造泡沫,同时还会加大外汇占款规模,影响到货币政策的正常操作.本文以2001～2010年季度数据为样本的实证研究表明,人民币汇率、中美利差和资产价格等因素是吸引热钱流入我国的主要动因.提出完善人民币汇率制度、慎用货币政策中利率手段、加强对跨境资本的监管等建议.     

非正常外资流人快速膨胀及狙击策略——兼论国际热钱"倒逼机制"的构建

近年来非正常外资(国际热钱)流入中国快速膨胀,其渠道和方式也呈现多样化.本文在分析近年来非正常外资流入中国的数量、渠道方式的基础上,对非正常外资过快流入的危害性进行探析,并对症下药,提出构建狙击国际热钱"倒逼机制"、抑制非正常外资流入的策略和建议.     

漂移的热钱对中国经济的影响

热钱在我国异常流动大致经历了三个过程:2001年前热钱微量阶段;2002年至2007年间热钱净流入阶段;2008年以来热钱流动波动阶段。从热钱的流入、投机到撤离,热钱尽管有利于我国资本的国际化,在一定程度上推动了我国经济的发展,但也暗藏种种潜在风险。对外汇市场的影响按照我国现行的外汇管理政策,无论热钱是流入我国境内,还是从我国境内逃离,     

金融危机下的"热钱"问题研究

在当前全球经济危机的背景下,热钱对中国金融稳定的影响越来越受到广泛关注.本文主要分析了热钱流入的原因、热钱对经济的影响,从当下我国经济基本面分析爆发危机的趋势并提出政策建议.     

热钱、房地产价格波动与金融体系稳定——基于SVAR模型的实证分析

热钱、房地产价格波动、银行信贷三者之间存在着一种自我强化的互馈机制,呈顺周期运行特征,会导致金融体系的不稳定,进而影响宏观经济。通过使用SVAR模型对我国房地产市场进行实证分析,结果发现：热钱推高了房价并且加剧了房价的波动,至少可以直接解释25％左右的房价波动,若进一步考虑货币供应量导致银行信贷扩张这一间接机制,其效果将更为可观。因此,要提高房地产调控政策的有效性、稳定金融市场,就必须加强对短期资本流动的监控,合理引导我国房地产市场的发展以及加速发展我国房地产金融体系,以达到控制和分散金融风险的目的。     

Hot Money Flows,Cycles in Primary Commodity Prices,and Financial Control in Developing Countries

Because the U.S. Federal Reserve’s monetary policy is at the center of the world dollar standard, it has a first-order impact on global financial stability. However, except during international crises, the Fed focuses on domestic American economic indicators and generally ignores collateral damage from its monetary policies on the rest of the world. Currently, ultra-low interest rates on short-term dollar assets ignite waves of hot money into Emerging Markets (EM) with convertible currencies. When each EM central bank intervenes to prevent its individual currency from appreciating, collectively they lose monetary control, inflate, and cause an upsurge in primary commodity prices internationally. These bubbles burst when some accident at the center, such as a banking crisis, causes a return of the hot money to the United States (and to other industrial countries) as commercial banks stop lending to foreign exchange speculators. World prices of primary products then collapse. African countries with exchange controls and less convertible currencies are not so attractive to currency speculators. Thus, they are less vulnerable than EM to the ebb and flow of hot money. However, African countries are more vulnerable to cycles in primary commodity prices because food is a greater proportion of their consumption, and—being less industrialized—they are more vulnerable to fluctuations in prices of their commodity exports. Supply-side shocks, such as a crop failure anywhere in the world, can affect the price of an individual commodity. But joint fluctuations in the prices of all primary products—minerals, energy, cereals, and so on—reflect monetary conditions in the world economy as determined by the ebb and flow of hot money from the United States, and increasingly from other industrial countries with near-zero interest rates.     

热钱流入对中国经济的影响及其对策

人民币升值预期和国内房地产、股市价格上涨预期使得国(境)外热钱大量流入中国,对中国的经济产生了严重的负面效应,干扰了中国货币政策的有效性,也威胁到中国的金融安全。本文界定了热钱的概念和特性,分析了国(境)外热钱进入中国的动机及其对中国经济的影响,提出了应对热钱异常流入的对策建议。     

国际热钱进入与国家粮食安全

2006年末以来,世界农产品价格大幅上涨,围绕粮食、食品的国内外投资和交易成为新的经济热点。作为世界粮食大国和人口大国,为控制通货膨胀,实施低粮价政策,这为国际热钱进入粮食领域提供了条件。本文分析了我国现有粮食管理体制下热钱进入的可能性、规模、方式和途径,在此基础上提出了打击热钱进入粮食领域的长效措施。     

境外热钱对中国房地产市场的影响

中国房地产市场的火热与人民币升值预期吸引了大量的境外热钱流入中国房地产行业,并推动了房地产价格的快速上涨,加剧了房地产泡沫的膨胀。针对外资在房地产市场的炒作行为,抑制境外热线对房地产的投机,可以取消外资投资房地产行业的税收优惠,废除外资企业的超国民待遇。     

Does “hot money” drive China's real estate and stock markets?

The paper investigates the extent of the impact from “hot money” or speculative capital inflow on the fluctuations of China's real estate market and stock market. The results indicate that hot money has driven up property prices as well as contributed to the accelerating volatilities in both markets due to its enormous size and its short-term characteristic of investing. In particular, we find that hot money ranks as the second largest contributor in the fluctuations of China's real estate prices. In the “risky” regime, which corresponds to more inflows and higher volatility of hot money, the effects are even more prominent.     

我国货币政策对稳定物价有效性的实证分析

2009年以来,面对持续走高的物价,央行采取了连续上调准备金率的政策,以求减少货币供给量,稳定物价。通过建立CPI、广义货币供给量M2和GDP之间的回归模型,对1994～2010年的数据进行回归分析,得出了我国货币政策对稳定物价有效的结论。认为治理通货膨胀要采取多样化的宏观经济政策,注意货币政策、财政政策的搭配使用。同时要加快人民币汇率体制改革,促进产业结构调整和经济发展方式的转变。     

The Impact of Monetary Policy and Housing-Purchase Restrictions on Housing Prices in China

This paper examines the level and volatility effect of monetary policy on housing prices in China utilizing a novel set of housing price indices constructed by (Fang, H., QuanlinGu, W. X., & Zhou, L.-A. (2015). Demystifying the Chinese housing boom. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2015, Volume 30. University of Chicago Press.). We find that in the long-run, average housing prices react positively to inflation, money supply and bank lending growth, and negatively to the reserve requirement ratio and benchmark lending rate. Housing prices in Tier 1 cities respond more sensitively to monetary shocks relative to Tier 2 and 3 cities, possibly due to surging demand and limited supply under housing-purchase restrictions (HPR). We further study the volatility effect of monetary shocks using the GARCH model and find that the benchmark lending rate, reserve requirement ratio and money supply growth have strong negative impact on the volatility of housing price growth. Our benchmark results remain robust after incorporating the HPR policy variable in the estimation, with a significant negative effect of HPR on housing price growth in Tier 1 and Tier 2 cities. Lastly, we conclude with recommendations on future monetary policy design and implementation, with a specific focus on the heterogeneous characteristics of China’s housing market.     

我国利率变动对股票价格影响效应的实证分析

变动利率通常是各国中央银行最常用的货币政策工具,而利用利率调节股票市场价格也是各国央行经常使用的政策方法。利率变动通过对投资者和上市公司的影响而传导到股票价格。对中国的实证分析表明我国利率变动与股票价格有一定的影响作用,但由于二者之间的传导机制存在问题,所以这种影响的具体效应是不确定的。     

THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ALTERNATIVE ASSUMPTIONS ON PRICE ADJUSTMENT IN NEW KEYNESIAN MODELS

This paper presents a classification of the different new Phillips curves existing in the literature as a set of choices based on three assumptions: the choice of the structure of price adjustments (Calvo or Taylor), the presence of backward indexation and the type of price contracts (fixed prices or predetermined prices). The paper suggests study of the dynamic properties of each specification, following different monetary shocks on the growth rate of the money stock. We develop the analytical form of the price dynamics, and we display graphics for the responses of prices, output and inflation. We show that the choice made for each of the three assumptions has a strong influence on the dynamic properties. Notably, the choice of the price structure, while often considered as unimportant, is indeed the most influential choice concerning the dynamic responses of output and inflation.