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1.
In this study, we develop a conceptual framework for the examination of cross-cultural differences in ethical attitudes of business people based on the assumptions of integrative social contract theory (ISCT). ISCT reveals the relevant cultural and economic norms that are predictive of the level of the ethical attitudes among societies and at the same time points out the more subtle impact of social institutions on ethical attitudes of different groups within a society. The evidence supports the use of integrative theoretical approaches within the field of business ethics.  相似文献   

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This empirical study compares the marketing strategies and organisations of a matched sample of American, Japanese and local competitors in the British market. Japanese subsidiaries in Britain are shown to be much more marketing oriented, more single minded in their pursuit of market share and more alert to strategic opportunities than their U.S. and British counterparts. American subsidiaries appear less committed to the UK, home country oriented and, like their British competitors, excessively concerned with short term profit performance.  相似文献   

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Restrictions upon international bribery by U.S. business firms, as incorporated in the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, have been controversial since this legislation was passed in 1977. Despite many attempts to repeal or change the law, it remains as originally enacted.This article reports on a survey of U.S. business professionals concerning international bribery. Response to our survey reveals a divided business community in terms of their opinions on the ethics of international payments prohibited by the present law.In addition to a lack of consensus about the morality of payments, the survey also reveals a diversity in the viewpoints of respondents. Moralism, pragmatism, cultural relativism, and legalism are four distinct underlying assumptions apparent in the attitudes of U.S. business professionals on the issue of questionable international payments. Justin G. Longenecker is an Emeritus Chavanne Professor of Christian Ethics in Business at Baylor University. He has written several articles and he is the co-author of two books: Small Business Management (1987) and Management (1984). Joseph A. McKinney is Professor of Economics and Co-Director of Master of International Management Program at Baylor University. His articles have been published in journals such as Atlantic Economic Journal and Columbia Journal of World Business. Carlos W. Moore is an Edwin W. Streetman Professor of Marketing at Baylor University. He is the co-author of Small Business Management (Cincinnati, South-Western Publishing Company, 1987).  相似文献   

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This research was set in the People's Republic of China. As former socialist China moves from central planning toward a more market-driven economy, improved knowledge about the new environment and firm decisions within such an environment has significant implications. For organizational researchers, such a transition represents a genuine shift of paradigm, and thus offers a unique opportunity to test existing organizational theories and develop new ones. For multinational businesses seeking business opportunities, they have to compete or cooperate with these Chinese firms, whether state-owned or privately owned.Motivated by a deep curiosity in, using the language of Williamson (1996), “What is going on there” behind the “bamboo curtain,” and underpinned by a strong conviction that organizational researchers have much to gain as well as to offer by focusing on transitional economies, I undertook this study to examine characteristics of a regulatory environment and the impact on innovation and risk-taking among Chinese managers and entrepreneurs. I collected original primary data that represents managers from large state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and entrepreneurs from small privately-owned enterprises (POEs) through personal interviews and a survey. Significant differences were found between managers and entrepreneurs in their reported environmental characteristics, strategic orientations, size, and firm performance, indicating that managers are not as innovative and are less willing to make risky decisions than entrepreneurs. Being smaller and faster than SOEs, entrepreneurial firms have adopted some strategies that distinguish them from their larger and more established competitors. Speed, stealth, and sound execution allow entrepreneurs to harvest first-mover advantages and thus increase their chances for survival in a turbulent environment.  相似文献   

6.
Parental control: A study of U.S. subsidiaries in Mexico   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
This study develops a framework that suggests that subsidiary characteristics, such as performance, purpose and manager nationality affect the extent of control and mechanisms of control (i.e., results, cultural and action controls) that their parent companies exercise over them. Hypotheses were tested using survey responses from 44 Mexican subsidiary—U.S. parent dyads. As expected, results suggest that parental perceptions of subsidiary performance are inversely related to the extent of control that parent companies exercise over these subsidiaries. It was also found that subsidiaries established for purposes relating to a knowledge seeking motivation tended to be subject to more cultural control, but no support was found for the hypothesized relationships between market purpose and results control, and resource purpose and action control. Finally, also as predicted, Mexican managers tended to be subject to greater action control by their U.S. parent than American managers.  相似文献   

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Are the values of business students of today synchronized with the reality of the present business environment? Two hundred twenty-two business students rated the importance of twenty corporate goals. Moreover, the students rated the same goals as they perceived chief executive officers (CEOs) would have rated them. Significant differences were found between the two ratings, with students ranking social and employee-oriented goals as more important than they perceived CEOs would have.  相似文献   

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近期中美纺织品贸易争端之我见   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
中美间的纺织品贸易问题成为近期中美贸易争端的一个重要方面。本文通过分析美国进口量以及中国产品在美国市场份额变动情况,对美国重新设限进行福利分析,说明重新设限并不有助于美国福利的提高,采取这一措施是不明智的。  相似文献   

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This paper analyzes trends in the production of foods that vary by fat and cholesterol content to assess whether information linking these food characteristics to disease risks affected consumers' food choices. It also examines whether the change in U.S. regulatory policy in 1985, which allowed producers to discuss the relationships between diet and disease in advertising and labeling, led to improvements in food choices, or as many critics of the regulatory change feared, to confusion sufficient to slow improvements in diet.
Nahrungsmittelinformation und Nahrungsmittelpolitik: Trends in der amerikanischen Nahrungsmittelproduktion
Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag analysiert Trends in der Produktion von Nahrungsmitteln, die hinsichtlich ihres Gehaltes an Fett und Cholesterin variieren. Dabei soll herausgefunden werden, ob die Kaufentscheidungen der Konsumenten durch Informationen beeinflu\t werden, die den Fett- und Cholesteringehalt mit gesundheitlichen Risiken in Verbindung bringen. Der Beitrag prüft au\erdem die Veränderungen der staatlichen Regulierungspolitik im Jahre 1985, die es den Herstellern erlaubte, in der Werbung und auf produktbegleitenden Wareninformationen Beziehungen zwischen Ernährung und Krankheit aufzuzeigen. Dabei steht die Frage im Vordergrund, ob diese Veränderung zu verbesserten Einkaufsentscheidungen führte oder, wie viele Kritiker des politischen Wandels fürchteten, zu so viel Verwirrung, da\ Verbesserungen im Bereich der Ernährung behindert werden.


The articles does not necessarily represent the views of the Federal Trade Commission or any of its members.  相似文献   

10.
This study examines the nature of negotiations between Mexican and U.S. business people. It was learned that U.S. negotiators tend to be more structured, less flexible, more direct, more focused on the specific terms of the agreement, and possibly more assertive than their Mexican counterparts. Factor analysis revealed five factors related to the success of negotiations between Mexican and U.S. business people: attributes of communication, knowledge, good faith in arranging countertrades, delivery requirements, and personal relationships. Communication problems appear to have a more important impact on successful negotiations than do the technical or financial aspects of the negotiation. Contexting and reciprocity are related themes that need to be given more attention if negotiations between Mexican and US. business people are to improve. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

11.
We identify and examine the efficacy of organizational mechanisms through which diversified firms are effectively managed without loss of control. Building on the resource based view of business groups, we argue that business groups in emerging markets use these mechanisms more often and derive more benefits from the use of these mechanisms than the diversified U.S. firms. Empirical results based on samples from Korea and the U.S. show that structural mechanisms such as strategic control and contingency arrangements, do not affect divisional performance, whereas socio-cultural mechanisms, such as shared values and corporate-level training, have significant effect on divisional performance. We also find that Korean chaebols have leveraged socio-cultural mechanisms better than large U.S. firms, and thus, have an advantage in continuing to diversify.  相似文献   

12.
中美产业内贸易研究   总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15  
本文对中美工业制成品产业内贸易的发展及特征进行了实证研究,发现中美双边贸易中工业制成品产业内贸易所占比重有所提高,其中,机械和运输设备产业内贸易所占比重最高;垂直产业内贸易是中美产业内贸易的主要形式;市场容量扩大、跨国公司价值链管理的需要以及一体化生产体系的构筑均有利于促进双边产业内贸易的发展,中国关税税率的大幅削减对产业内贸易发展的促进作用并不明显,规模经济和贸易障碍对其则尚存消极影响。  相似文献   

13.
This study developed and tested a model of culture’s effect on budgeting systems, and hypothesized that system variables and reactions to them are influenced by culture-specific work-related and ethical values. Most organizational and behavioral views of budgeting fail to acknowledge the ethical components of the problem, and have largely ignored the role of culture in shaping organizational and individual values. Cross-cultural differences in reactions to system design variables, and in the behaviors motivated or mitigated by those variables, has implications for the design and effectiveness of budgeting systems. The data largely support our research model, demonstrating the hypothesized national cultural differences in system design variables (e.g., participation, standards tightness, budget emphasis, etc. which we characterized as the opportunity and incentives to create budgetary slack), and the expected relationship between incentives (but not opportunity) to create slack and slack creation behavior. The data demonstrate hypothesized cultural differences in ethical ideology but show ethical ideology related to slack creation behavior only for U.S. managers. A discussion of the results and their implications is included.  相似文献   

14.
《国际市场》2004,(12):42-42
中国企业已不再像过去那样热衷于赴美国直接上市.不过,他们已经找到了从仍对中国经济津津乐道的美国投资者那里获得融资的其他途径。  相似文献   

15.
Franchising has attracted the attention of retailing and entrepreneurship scholars in the past three decades, but evidence pertaining to how franchising affects financial performance is mixed and inconclusive. Thus, the question remains as to whether franchising firms exhibit better financial performance than non-franchising firms in the same industry. In order to find an answer to this question, our study compares the risk-adjusted financial performance of franchising versus non-franchising restaurant firms over the 1995–2008 interval, using five different performance measures: the Sharpe Ratio, the Treynor Ratio, the Jensen Index, the Sortino Ratio, and the Upside Potential Ratio. For each measure, the results revealed that franchising restaurant firms outperformed their non-franchising counterparts. Thus, we provide very robust evidence that franchising is superior on average in the restaurant industry, which can help explain the increasing popularity of franchising as a business form.  相似文献   

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There has been limited research on entrepreneurship in Turkey. Given the fact that globalization has rapidly been increasing, that foreign direct investment is spreading throughout the world, and that more and more foreign investors are seeking partners in emergent markets such as Turkey. One important reason for the interest in Turkish entrepreneurs is because they have many characteristics that are similar to entrepreneurs in Western markets. Even if there are many differences between Western entrepreneurs and Turkish entrepreneurs, it would be valuable to compare the characteristics of Turkish entrepreneurs with others. Moreover, a few cross-cultural studies have examined the similarities among entrepreneurs in various nations. Ireland and Turkey have many striking similarities despite varying cultural backgrounds. Hence, this empirical research was undertaken to investigate the characteristics and attributes of Turkish entrepreneurs and compare them to Irish entrepreneurs. The research design in this study focused on 161 Turkish entrepreneurs who were randomly selected from a list (obtained from local Chamber of Commerce) and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The questions assessed relevant areas, such as demographic and business information, motivations, entrepreneurial characteristics, business problems, personality characteristics, and management skills. Information on the Irish entrepreneurs was incorporated from a published study. Overall, in terms of entrepreneurial characteristics, Turkish entrepreneurs displayed surprisingly similar characteristics to the Irish. The implications of this study are discussed along with some recommendations.  相似文献   

19.
This currency substitution study explores the extent of retail firm-level U.S. dollar acceptance in Canada and Mexico. Employing a stratified random sampling approach of retail business in the border region, results demonstrate that all Mexican firms (N = 300/300) and nearly all Canadian (N = 257/261) firms accept the U.S. dollar in retail transactions. Of greater interest is the difference between firms in the two countries in how acceptance of the U.S. dollar is operationalized. On average, U.S. dollar sales of Canadian border firms comprise just 3.4% of total sales whereas U.S. dollar sales of Mexican firms encompass 23.7% of total sales. Our results also indicate a stark contrast as to the effective exchange rate for U.S. dollar acceptance— Canadian firms typically charge a premium (2.1% on average) while 69.3% of Mexican firms transacted business at a discount (?0.8% on average). Additional analyses further refine the currency substitution distinctions between Canadian and Mexican firms in the sample including a logistical regression which reveals significant differences as to firm-level predictors of U.S. dollar acceptance (whether at a discount or premium).  相似文献   

20.
We examined the interaction of gender and marital status on attaining mentors among 405 managers and professionals in contrasting Taiwanese and U.S. cultures. In line with social role and signaling theories and the cultural concepts of gender-egalitarianism and individualism/collectivism, married U.S. women had a lower likelihood of having a mentor compared to single women or men. Being married disfavored U.S. women but did not disfavor Taiwanese women. Further analyses using only the U.S. protégé sample also revealed that being married was positively related to psychosocial mentoring received only among male protégés. We discuss results from a cross-cultural perspective.  相似文献   

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