航道整治与建设让水运经济加速前行

<正>航道对于水运业的发展至关重要，此外，船舶和港口在水运经济中也占据着重要位置。现阶段，在我国市场经济快速发展的背景下，水运航道基础设施建设和船舶运输能力都在不断提高，因此必须加强航道整治与建设，不断提升水运航道运输水平，促进水运经济快速发展。重庆市位于中国内陆西南部，四川盆地东部边缘，地处青藏高原与长江中下游平原的过渡地带、三峡库区腹心地带，是长江上游生态屏障的最后一道关口，     

提升航道建设的经济作用及举措

在经济全球化发展趋势不断深入推进的时代背景之下,世界各地之间的联系日益紧密,经济贸易等方面的往来日益密切,因此,带动了水运事业的不断向前发展。同时,随着科学技术水平的提高,水运事业发展质量的提高,其对于航道等各方面基础设施建设提出了更高的要求,所以,对航道进行升级建设对于推动我国水运事业的持续健康全面发展来讲有着积极的促进意义。笔者主要从航道升级建设对于水运经济发展的影响方面以及推动航道升级建设的可行性举措2个角度展开分析。     

全国政协委员、交通运输部水运科学研究院副总工程师苏国萃建议——我国应尽快出台《航道法》

“航道是社会公益性交通基础设施．是水路运输的基础保障．对国民经济和社会发展具有重要作用。要把航道建设好、养护好、管理好,保护航道和航道设施不受侵害．保障航道畅通．就迫切需要依靠国家法律予以保障。”因此,全国政协委员、交通运输部水运科学研究院副总工程师苏国萃建议．国家应尽快出台《航道法》,以促进我国内河航运工作的发展．     

内河运输枯木逢春

记日前从交通部得到消息。“十一五”期间，交通部将启动以长江“黄金水道”为重点的内河水运建设，加大对长江航道和内河港口等基础设施的投入力度。同时，将重点实施航道治理、港口建设、船型标准化、三峡过坝运输扩能、水运保障、干支联动等建设工程。     

对水运基础设施投资建设集约化影响因素的思考

文章提出了水运基础设施建设集约化发展的概念,并重点对影响水运基础设施建设集约化发展的政府干预、经济效益、社会舆论和公众认知以及水运基础设施建设自身发展需要等主要因素进行了深入分析。     

水运基础设施投资建设集约化的理论思考

集约化发展是一种对资源进行优化配置、合理有效利用的可持续发展方式。文章提出了水运基础设施建设集约化发展的概念,研讨了水运基础设施建设集约化的内涵、目标,并从投入产出、可持续发展以及交通综合运输体系的整体发展三个方向的分析上,对水运基础设施建设的集约化水平进行了界定方法的研究。还进行了数学评价方法的探讨。     

内河水运发展凸显船企新机遇

“加大投入和建设力度．强化科学管理，切实提升内河水运的质量效益．力争用10年左右时间，建成畅通、高效、平安、绿色的现代化内河水运体系”。8月底召开的国务院常务会议对长江等内河水运发展工作进行了研究．在航道建设、船舶运力结构调整、     

航道整治建设对我国水运经济的影响研究

随着我国经济的日益发展,交通的日益成熟,水运交通相较于路运和空运两种交通方式也越来越受到重视。同时,由于航道运输具有成本低廉、运输量大等优势,对现代社会交通业的发展也起到了积极的推动作用。但是,伴随着兴起而来的就是日益凸显的问题,文章就主要针对如今航道建设中存在的问题进行分析,提出解决问题的方法,为航道整治建设出一份微薄之力。     

浅谈公路工程成本管理和控制

公路是现代经济社会发展的重要基础设施,是现代经济社会快速发展的先行条件,是市场机制作用于人类经济行为的首要物质前提.没有一个现代化的公路交通运输体系,就不能形成一个完善的交通基础设施.交通基础设施包括公路、铁路、航道、机场及其枢纽,发达的交通基础设施需要投入巨额资金.因此,做好公路建设的成本管理和控制尤为重要,现就成本管理和控制谈谈个人的体会.     

我国物流基础设施的建设策略分析

物流基础设施是物流各功能要素在参与物流活动的过程中所需用到的各种公用设施,由各种不同的运输线路、运输线路的交汇与节点以及理货终端构成,主要包括铁路、公路、水运、空运、仓储以及车站、港口、码头、机场等相关附属设施。完善的基础设施是现代物流发展不可缺少的物质基础。基础设施先行是发展现代物流的基本策略,也是发达国家发展物流的成功经验。我国要发展现代物流,也必须首先高起点地建设好物流基础设施。     

Cannibalization or synergy? Consumers' channel selection in online–offline multichannel systems

This paper develops and empirically validates customer shopping motives taking account of customer channel selection in multichannel systems. As each channel is associated with certain advantages and disadvantages from a customer's perspective, we develop – based on behavioral considerations – a customer typology to classify different segments of customers. This enables us to empirically analyze the interrelationship between distinct shopping motives prior marketing research has suggested and cannibalization and synergetic effects in online–offline multichannel systems. Our results show that a higher degree of customers' convenience orientation in contrast to the degree of risk aversion and service orientation encourages the selection of the online channel over the offline channel. In addition, we develop and empirically analyze a typology of customers to classify distinct segments of consumers, highlighting the associated interrelationship of individual shopping motives and cannibalization and synergetic effects. Our results indicate that the desire for service, rather than risk aversion, could potentially cannibalize customers away from the online channel.     

Reciprocity in Corporate Social Responsibility and Channel Performance: Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together?

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is more and more important in the supply chain. Drawing from the stakeholder theory and channel relational reciprocity literature, we develop and empirically support a theoretical framework. Our framework predicts that CSR reciprocity between buyer and seller firms in a supply chain affects channel tie intensity and channel sales performance (main effects) and that market competition may amplify these influences (moderated effects). The framework reveals important implications regarding the role of reciprocal CSR for channel relationship management.     

Entrepreneurial orientation,export channel selection,and export performance of SMEs

Although research indicates that the export channel a firm uses can significantly impact export performance, it is unclear how firms should select this channel. Models of export channel choice tend to concentrate on transaction cost efficiencies, ignoring value adding orientations that entrepreneurial firms may possess. In this paper we develop and test the theoretical notion that in addition to transaction costs, differences in entrepreneurial orientation (EO) influence export channel choice and as a consequence export performance. Using data from a sample of Dutch and Italian SMEs we find that adding EO (moderated by institutional distance) significantly improves our model of export channel choice. Further we find that firms selecting export channels that align not only with transaction cost factors but also firm level EO, moderated by institutional distance, have higher export market performance. Thus, our study adds to and extends the export channel choice literature and provides interesting new insights into how EO helps firms create more successful export operations.     

安全警示下的消费者水果渠道选择行为实证研究——基于浙江省的调查

根据消费者渠道选择理论,探讨安全警示下消费者水果购买渠道选择时的影响因素,主要包括人口特征变量、消费动机和消费感知等。并结合问卷调查数据,应用多项分类logistic回归模型,对消费者多渠道选择行为进行识别研究,本文提出农超在长期内会共存依据以及可创新性地发展社区型销售渠道等结论。     

Omnichannel marketing: Are cross-channel effects symmetric?

The rapid growth in omnichannel (e.g., Web, call center, sales agent, store) shopping and the need to effectively allocate resources across channels are prompting managers and researchers to better understand cross-channel effects, that is, the effects of marketing efforts in one distribution channel on shopping outcomes in other channels. We develop a broad set of hypotheses about cross-channel effects based on channel richness and influence roles (informative, persuasive). To test the hypotheses, we model the effects (own and cross) of channel marketing efforts on shopping outcomes in different channels through a simultaneous equation system. We estimate these models using data from the auto insurance industry that comprises the exclusive agent, the independent agent, the Web, and the call center channels. Our results offer novel insights. They show that cross-channel effects and elasticities are significant and asymmetric. While the effect of marketing efforts in a channel on shopping outcomes in a dissimilar (with a different primary influence role) channel is positive (e.g., exclusive agent, the Web, and the call center channels are complementary), the magnitudes of the cross-channel effects are asymmetric. Similarly, while the effect of marketing efforts in a channel on shopping outcomes in a similar (with the same primary influence role) channel is negative (e.g., independent agent and exclusive agent channels are substitutional), they are also asymmetric. Exclusive agent efforts have a greater negative effect on the outcomes of independent agent efforts than vice versa. Based on the results, we develop a channel influence vs. influenceability analysis tool for managers to better plan their channel efforts. We also illustrate a resource allocation model that shows substantial incremental profits from the reallocation of marketing efforts based on our model with cross-channel effects relative to a model without cross-channel effects.     

Should manufacturers open live streaming shopping channels?

Live streaming shopping, as a novel sales channel, has caught much attention from researchers and practitioners. Its unique features, such as the commission rate, fixed fee and number of followers of the live streamer, appear different from traditional wholesale-contract sales channels. But few studies have examined the impact of these factors on manufacturers’ opening live streaming shopping channel decisions. To address this gap, we develop game theoretic models to examine whether a manufacturer should hire a live streamer to open a live streaming shopping channel on an e-commerce platform where the manufacturer's direct channel and third-party e-retailer co-exist. We consider the impact of the commission rate, fixed fee and number of followers of the live streamer on the operating decisions and profits of the manufacturer and e-retailer. Then we identify the threshold-conditions where the manufacturer and e-retailer are better off or worse off by opening a live streaming shopping channel. We show that opening a live streaming shopping channel may hurt or harm the manufacturer's profit, depending on the interaction of above three factors. The manufacturer may be willing to open a live streaming shopping channel when the commission rate and fixed fee are both small, or when the commission rate and number of followers are both large and the fixed fee is small. The e-retailer could also benefit from opening a live streaming shopping channel. These insights appear novel in the literature. We further show that opening a live streaming shopping channel could improve the consumer surplus. We extend our model to price competition to verify our main conclusions. These insights may help manufacturers decide whether or not to open live streaming shopping channels and help manufacturers and extant retailers develop optimal operating decisions and improve profits when participating in live streaming shopping.     

Marketing channel relationships in China: A review and integration with an institution-based perspective

Because marketing channel research is predominantly conducted in the Western world, marketing channel theories and practices may not be generalizable to Chinese markets. Despite the rapid growth of Chinese economies and their increasing importance to the global economy, our understanding of marketing channels in China is limited. This research reviews and integrates studies of marketing channels in the Chinese context. From an institution-based perspective, we develop a set of propositions focusing on issues such as guanxi, trust and dependence. We explore the impact of Chinese institutional environments (regulatory, normative and cultural) on marketing channels. Lastly, we offer suggestions to help firms adapt their channel operations to Chinese markets.     

Efficient replenishment in the distribution channel

Efficient replenishment (ER), a business process that involves the reduction of order cost to facilitate deliveries of goods from the manufacturer to the retailer, is becoming increasingly important in distribution channel management. While a well-executed ER program is expected to lower total channel costs and increase channel profit, very little is known about how this incremental channel profit is distributed between the manufacturer and the retailer and how it varies across the two common channel relationship structures, retailer price leadership and manufacturer price leadership.In this paper, we develop the conditions under which the manufacturer and the retailer gain more or less from the adoption of ER based on a game theoretic channel model of bilateral monopoly under the two channel relationship structures. We develop analytic results on the impact of ER on purchase quantity, price and the distribution of profits in three cases, namely, (1) when only the retailer adopts ER, (2) when both the manufacturer and the retailer adopt ER, and (3) when the manufacturer and the retailer are vertically integrated in the distribution channel, which adopts ER.The results, which can be generalized for all demand functions, show that the manufacturer benefits from the retailer's adoption of ER only when the manufacturer's holding cost relative to the retailer's is sufficiently large, relative to its order cost relative to the retailer's. By adopting ER, the retailer gains more than what the manufacturer gains even if the manufacturer is the price leader. Both the parties are likely to gain more if they both adopt ER than if only the retailer adopts ER. The incremental channel profit due to the retailer's ER adoption is highest in a vertically integrated distribution channel and is greater in a retailer-led channel relationship than in a manufacturer-led relationship.     

Export Involvement and Channel Conflict in a Manufacturer-Intermediary Relationship

Numerous articles have been published regarding the strained relationships between highly involved export manufacturers and their international intermediaries. While channel conflict is frequently cited as a major reason for such strained trade relationships, few research studies examine the relationship between a manufacturer's export involvement and channel conflict. In this paper, we develop hypotheses linking the three major domains of export involvement to the initial stages of channel conflict. The results indicate that a manufacturer's conflict with its principal international intermediary decreases with greater manufacturer dependence on the principal intermediary, increases as resources are committed to exporting, and decreases with the manufacturer's foreign market knowledge.     

Evaluating strategies for promoting retail mobile channel using a hidden Markov model

With the proliferation of mobile communication technology, many firms, including retailers and consumer banks, are making efforts to develop mobile platforms to better engage with their customers and reduce operational costs. However, the cost advantage of these mobile technologies will not yield fruition unless the mobile channel accounts for a significant share of total transactions. In this article, we explore potential options for firms to promote usage of the mobile channel. To achieve this, we propose a hidden Markov model to both model customers’ decisions and assess different managerial strategies through simulations. While we apply our proposed model to data from a leading financial institution, our approach is equally applicable to other retail settings. The results show that customers’ choices of services and channels are sensitive to process time by type of channel. A 10% increase in process time through non-mobile channels leads to a nearly 14% increase in utilization of mobile banking channel. Therefore, retailing firms could potentially influence customers’ choice of different channels by changing channel-specific process times. Motivated by these findings, we present and compare performances across five different policies, in promoting the usage of mobile channel. Drawing on our simulation results, we also make personalized policy recommendations to firms facing different levels of financial constraints. For those with financial constraints, we recommend a policy of increasing process time for a selected subset of service requests through non-mobile channels. Firms not constrained by the resources might be better off improving process time with the mobile channel by targeting customers identified as having a better relationship with the firm.