Capital structure： The Italian market perspective

This article first investigates the determinants of＂capital structure＂ and the extent to which financial structure policy contributes to the creation of shareholder value in Italian companies through a survey of 76 CFOs of Italian listed non-financial companies, and revealed that the key driver is the quest for financial flexibility, necessary to combine effectively capital structure policy with the other two levers of value creation, investment policy and payout policy. These three value creation drivers are autonomous, but this empirical study reveals a clear hierarchy that links liability policy （capital structure and payout） to asset policy （investments） leading companies to make sub-optimal financial structure decisions that may not minimize the weighted average cost of capital, though ensuring the financial flexibility necessary to activate their principal lever of value creation, investment policy, effectively and without excessive constraints. A major finding in a subsequent benchmarking exercise is that Italian ＂family capitalism＂ affects corporate governance and therefore capital structure decisions. This finding may not be restricted to the Italian market, but could apply to all countries in which ownership structures are centered on very few shareholders with weak financial market control and where banks often play a crucial role in the governance of companies.     

China''''s Pension Reform and Capital Market Development

I. IntroductionThere is a close relationship between the pension system and the capital market, which ismost evident in developed countries where pension funds, with large amounts of assetsare the key institutional investors in the capital markets.1 In recent years we have witnessedthe reform of pension systems from pay-as-you-go (PAYG) to funded systems in someLatin American and East European countries, where retirees pension benefits come mainlyfrom their individual accounts, not from the…     

Research on Intellectual Capital and Its Constitution

In knowledge-economy era, intellectual capital becomes one of the most important resources of enterprise. Market value of intellectual capital is balance of enterprise value and book value. The balance is enlarged with time going. Research on the intellectual capital＇s constitution is needed, The paper applies system theory to research intellectual capital＇s constitution, and puts forward that intellectual capital is constituted by human capital, internal structure capital, external relation capital, knowledge property capital, customer capital, internal motive power capital and innovation capital. These factors interact to bring about excess earnings for enterprise.     

Effectiveness and Effects of China’s Capital Controls

I. IntroductionNations at every stage of development and in every region of the world are more closelylinked through trade in goods and services, through flows of funds and investments ineach others’ economies than ever before. But in sharp contrast to more and more nationsloosening restrictions on international trade, controls over capital flows are still substantialnearly everywhere except in the most developed economies. This is certainly the case inChina, where restrictions on movements …     

Effectiveness and Effects of China＇s Capital Controls

Reductions in barriers to global trade have not been accompanied by a widespread loosening of restrictions on international flows of capital, especially in China. This study shows that China has some of the most restrictive controls and uses them effectively to bias flows of cross-border capital heavily in favor of foreign direct investment (FDI) and limit flows of portfolio and bank assets and liabilities, as well as reducing capital flow volatility. China is now facing pressure to speed up its opening to all forms of cross border capital. But since China is still struggling to strengthen its domestic financial structure, capital account liberalization would expose it to considerable risks and potentially high costs.     

Research on institutional innovation of Capital Market in China

The capital market is regarded as one of the important components in the system of market economy. And its position in the development of national economy is increasingly important. In recent years, with the expansion of reform and opening-up of China, not merely has the scale of the capital market has been enlarged obviously, but also there are qualitative leaps on its inbeing. However, there are still some questions, for example, the market structure is still unreasonable, surveiUance and management of market is not perfected. It must carry on the institutional innovation of capital market to develop and perfect the capital market further.     

China＇s Pension Reform and Capital Market Development

The paper analyzes the interaction between the pension system and capital market development, especially the case of China. A funded pension system is most likely to boost the capital market, but in the absence of a supportive financial infrastructure and effective financial regulation, a funded system will not be successful. China‘s determination to establish a partially funded system is afirst step in the right direction, but without the separation of individual accounts from the social pooling and their replenishment, the working out of the implicit pension debt, and improvements in pension fund management and regulation, the pension system will not be sustainable. The key to capital market development in the process of the pension reform is to enact laws to protect the interests of pensioners, to contract out pension fund management to professional asset managers, and to accelerate the financial opening.     

Capital globalization资本全球化对环境保护的影响分析

资本全球化为资本在全球各国间自由流动的现象。资本全球化过程可分为：(1)个人、企业与国家的跨国商品(间接的资本全球化)，其起源泉可追溯至公元16与17世纪的重商主义时期，而兴盛于19世纪末的自由时代(在此年代，许多国际间的商品贸易都免证关税，帮在国际……     

Does Central Bank Capital Matter for Monetary Policy?

This paper examines empirically whether central bank capital influences the conduct of monetary policy. To this end, we estimate interest rate rules for a sample of 41 countries and employ linear and non-linear regression methods to test if a measure of central bank financial strength can explain deviations of actual interest rates from those predicted by the estimated interest rate (Taylor-like) rules. Our results suggest that central bank capital is indeed a relevant factor behind interest rate policy decisions.     

Viability and the Development of China＇s Capital Markets

The paper analyzes the abnormal phenomena in China‘s capital markets and provides a critical review of the existing hypotheses about the phenomena. The paper argues that thelack of “viability” among most of the listed SOEs is the primary cause of the problems in China‘s capital markets. The paper also applies a consistent framework to analyze the relationship among viability, SOEs and the capital markets, and makes some policy proposals for improving China‘s capital markets.     

Chinese Policy Options on International Capital Flow after WTO Accession

I. IntroductionThere have been numerous studies on free capital mobility, its management and impact on developing countries' economy during the past decades. International capital flows create opportunities for portfolio diversification and risk sharing. In classical cases, capital mobility permits a more efficient global allocation of savings and directs resources toward their most productive uses (Fischer, 1998, etc.). However,     

Viability and the Development of China’s Capital Markets

I. Some Facts about Chinas Capital MarketsThe official stock markets of Mainland China were set up in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectivelyin1990 and 1991. The original intent was to improve the reform of Chinas SOEs. Theoretically,it was held that absence of owner is the main problem of SOEs; after being listed, the smallshareholders who buy stocks with their own money will care about the value of their assets, sothey will actively supervise the listed enterprises managers and thus the gov…     

Capital Utilisation in Indonesian Medium and Large Scale Manufacturing∗

This article presents the main results of a survey of the utilisation of existing productive capacity in the Indonesian manufacturing sector. It was found that although prevailing levels of capital utilisation in Indonesian manufacturing do not appear to be out of line with levels observed in other developing countries, there is scope for improvement in some sectors. The paper suggests some policy reforms which would improve the competitive environment for Indonesian manufacturing and increase the price ratio of capital to labour, thus promoting more intensive capital utilisation in the manufacturing sector.

     

Applications of Game Theory and Information Economics in Capital Market Researches

The paper discusses the main application of market researches and analyzes their applications thoroughly and financial systems. game theory and information economics in capital with an example of the evolution of capital market     

An Empirical Study on Relationship between Corporation Performance and Capital Structure

By using data of listed companies in both Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets in 2001, this paper analyzes the relationship between corporation performance and capital structure. Empirical study finds that there is a strong correlation between corporate performance and financial structure： （1） Corporation performance is positively related to debt ratio; （2） When debt ratio is between 24.52% and 51.13%, corporate performance has a quadratic or cubic correlation passively related to debt ratio.     

Comparative Analysis of Capital Productivity in China’s High-Tech Industries

I. IntroductionFrom the perspective of economic theory, it is interesting to study high-tech industrybecause of the importance of technological change for growth performance. In the pastdecades, there have been some significant changes in theorizing economic growth. Thetraditional neoclassical model and its treatment of technological change as exogenoushave gradually given way to more realistic approaches emphasizing innovation, scaleeconomiesand market power. Thischangeofperspectivewas antic…     

Comparative Analysis of Capital Productivity in China＇s High-Tech Industries

While labor productivity is a topic of constant debate and has been studied extensively, far less attention has been devoted to the question of capital productivity. Productive use of physical capital is an important source of economic growth and investment return. This paper presents a comparative study of capital productivity in China‘s high-tech industry. Using a version of the perpetual inventory method (PIM), new estimates have been made of the physical capital stock by sector. Capital productivity in China‘s high-tech industry is higher than in total manufacturing, but the gap between them has been shrinking. Comparison with high-tech industries in the US., highlights that China‘s high-tech industries could play a more important role in the growth of manufacturing and the whole economy.