How does the Community wish to revitalise its railways?

In recent years the European Community (EC) has increased its rail transport activities. Current European policy is aimed at revitalising the railway sector, the intermodal market shares of which have strongly declined within the last decades, especially in the area of freight services. What measures has the Community taken to achieve its goal? How can its policy be characterised? Are EC actions really suited to improving the performance of European railways? Finally, by engaging in rail transport, do supranational actors take general regulatory reform principles into consideration?     

Flying the flag for subsidies—Prospects for Airline Deregulation in Europe

Whereas the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 put an end to airline subsidization in the USA, things look quite different in the European Union: after more than a decade of discussions about liberalization and the advent of the single market, most European routes are still monopolies or duopolies with state aid to airlines featuring prominently. Why has air transport liberalization made so little progress? What are the prospects for the future?     

The impact of vertical separation on the success of the railways

This paper empirically analyses whether full ownership separation strengthens rail in comparison with other transport modes — a major goal of European and national transport policies. Data from nine European countries in the period 1994–2009 are evaluated, with the end result that the positive effects of full separation cannot be confirmed. On the contrary, full separation significantly reduces the share of rail in passenger transport, while in the freight segment, the regressions yield ambiguous results.     

Liberalisation of the internal market: Efficiency advantages and requirements

The expected welfare effects of the completion of the internal European market by 1992 will differ markedly from one member country to another. What requirements must be met for liberalisation of the internal market? How could the disparities in the distribution of welfare effects be lessened?     

The common transport policy of the EEC

A free market in the sphere of transport is to be established in the European Community by 1992. What conditions prevail today in this sector and what steps must be taken in order to establish a workable Common Transport Market?     

1992: State of play

Now past the halfway point for establishing a single market by 1992, the 12 member states of the European Economic Community are pausing to review the progress. What has been accomplished so far? And what remains to be done? The answers to these questions are outlined, providing background to the most important question: How will your organization be affected?     

Trans-European networks: The white paper and beyond

The desire to enhance the gains from the internal market programme has led the European Union (EU) to emphasize the importance of the development of a coherent set of infrastructure networks in the telecommunication, transport and energy sectors. What steps must be taken to realise such trans-European networks? How can the massive financing problems be overcome?     

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The mediterranean policy of the EC—The case of agriculture

The production structures of the majority of Mediterranean countries have traditionally been oriented towards the West European market. What effects will the southward enlargement of the EC have on the agricultural sector of the non-candidate Mediterranean countries? What can the EC do to alleviate the problems?     

Case-based modeling of prolific liars and constant truth-tellers: Who are the dishonesty and honesty self-reporters?

Do some individuals identify themselves to be prolific liars? Here, “big-liars” are individuals who self-report telling lies twelve-or-more times annually. What share of Americans (or any other national population) is big-liars? What share reports telling no lies? Can individual social-economic status (SES) and social factor configurations identify big-liars consistently? The present study includes proposing and testing the case-based theoretical tenet that single-variable SES and social factors do not identify big-liars or self-report truth-tellers consistently even if these single-variables associate significantly statistically with lying/truth-telling in symmetric tests. The theory here proposes that configurations (i.e., screening algorithms or recipes of SES and social factors) are capable of identifying big-liars as well as self-reported persons claiming to never lie. A national omnibus, representative, sample of Americans (n = 3350 provide some surprising answers to the questions and substantial support for the usefulness of case-based configurational models for identifying big-liars. To prevent, “I knew that” perceptions, before reading further (using a pen or pencil), consider answering the following multiple-choice questions. What share (%) of Americans identify themselves to be non-liars: 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70? What share (%) identify themselves to be big (i.e., monthly) liars: 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70?     

The middle east and the EEC: An analysis of trade flows

The Middle East has become the largest external supplier of imports to the European Community, and is also the EC's largest export market. Rising oll prices have not only affected the value of EC imports from the Middle East, but have also ultimately determined the ability of the Middle Eastern states to pay for Community exports. What are the prospects for the continuing growth of trade between the Community and the Middle East? What would be the effect of a fall in oil prices or of a decline in the EC's dependence on Middle Eastern oil?     

The requirements for EC merger control

The need for a uniform European system to control mergers seems ever more urgent as the advent of the European internal market draws closer. What proposals and approaches already exist for European competition law? How should they be assessed?     

Globalisation, internal labour markets and the migration of the highly skilled

Over the last decade highly skilled migration has been gaining relative importance in European migration flows. Following the goods and factor markets the market for highly skilled labour has thus also started to globalise. How are the globalisation processes of the world-wide goods, capital and labour markets interlinked? What role do international enterprises and their internal labour markets play in increasing highly skilled migration? What trends can be expected for the future?     

The EC-US trade conflict over film and television software

During the recent Uruguay Round film and television software was a major field of conflict between the United States and the European Community, and it is easy to predict that this will continue for the rest of the decade. Are the markets for film and television software really dominated by American productions? What are the key factors in international trade and competitiveness? Which elements explain American success in audiovisual production? Are the European trade barriers, such as television quotas and subsidies, effective with respect to cultural or economic objectives?     

European integration: West and East

The EC internal market is to be completed by the end of 1992, the creation of a European Economic Space comprising the 18 countries of the EC and EFTA is underway, and the countries of Eastern Europe, above all the USSR, are talking more and more about a “European house” from the Urals to the Atlantic. How much progress has in fact been made so far in this direction? What are the main obstacles, and what developments are to be expected in the medium term?     

Promotional Competitions: A Taxonomy of Campaign Framing Choices Integrating Economic,Informational, and Affective Objectives

Promotional competitions remain underresearched with only limited conceptualization of campaign design (framing) options evident. Our research addresses the following questions: What are the specific framing options available to campaign planners? What framing strategies should decision-makers apply to optimize campaign performance against promotional aims and objectives? We analyze a sample of promotional competition campaigns in the Australian market to identify the range of specific framing options. We present a taxonomy of Action, Entry, and Prize choices, integrating the key promotional aims of economic, informational, and affective influence. Academic and practitioner implications are discussed and a future research agenda is proposed.     

EU integration of transition countries: Overlap of requisites and remaining tasks

Transition and reorientation towards Western Europe have been the two decisive challenges for the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) since 1989. Whereas in the early 1990s the transition from the central planning system to a market economy was the main goal of economic policies, the requirements for closer integration with the Western European countries have since then increasingly gained in importance. How do the two processes overlap? What requirements remain to be met before the candidate countries can join the European Union?     

Europe's R&;D: Missing the Wrong Targets?

Europe is not delivering on its commitment under the Lisbon agenda to increase its R&;D-to-GDP ratio to 3% by 2010. But does the European Commission's practice of benchmarking each and every member state against the headline 3% figure make sense? R&;D intensity is influenced by industrial specialisation, but also by other factors such as a large integrated market for technology and a favourable environment for academic research. What can be done by the EU and by the governments of the member states to improve the situation?     

Is the cold war a marketing problem?

Product definition, product life cycle, distinctive competencies, market share, segmentation: these are just some of the marketing concepts that could be applied to foreign policy. What would be the result? For one thing, says the author, America would move from a reactive to a proactive stance.     

货代业：亟须模式转型

货代企业的发展需要模式转型,这个转型是整个货代行业相对于生产、贸易、物流、海运以及金融等产业的地位、价值和理念的提升。