The Effects of Discount Location and Frame on Consumers’ Price Estimates

A discount may be defined by the location in which, and frame by which, it is communicated. Discount framing, particularly the differences between cents-off and percentage-off discounts, has been widely studied. Discount location (e.g., proximate to or distal from regular price info) has received considerably less attention. We employ the proximity-compatibility principle and tenets of human memory to demonstrate that discount framing (cents-off, percentage-off, and revised price) and discount location (proximal, distal) interact to differentially affect both the immediate value and the persistence of consumers’ price estimates. The implications of these results for retailers and manufacturers are highlighted in the discussion.     

Price fairness perceptions and customer loyalty in a retail context

Loyalty and fairness are major research topics in the marketing literature. However, research examining how customer loyalty and fairness perceptions affect each other is lacking. This study examines these two topics in the context of a retailer increasing its prices, develops hypotheses, and tests these hypotheses using an experimental design approach. Results indicate that loyalty has a positive effect on fairness perceptions when price increases are low, though no such effect is found when price increases are high. Also, justifiable reasons for price increases lead to increased fairness perceptions when price increases are low, but any reason offered when price increases are high increases fairness perceptions. Whether distributive or procedural fairness influences post customer loyalty in the presence of price increases is dependent on both the level of the price increase and the reason offered for the price increase. This research provides implications for retailers and directions for future research.     

Suspicion and Perceptions of Price Fairness in Times of Crisis

Times of crisis bring about increased demands on businesses as shortages, or unexpected but significant, business costs are encountered. Passing on such costs to consumers is a challenge. When faced with a retail price increase, consumers may rely on cues as to the motive behind the increase. Such cues can raise suspicion of alternative motive (e.g., taking advantage of the consumer) affecting consumers’ judgments of price fairness. This research investigates two triggers of suspicion: salience of alternative motives, and behavior judged to be out-of-character for the business. Results of the two studies within crisis contexts indicate that suspicion is created when alternative motives are salient and when a retailer acts out-of-character. Multiple group analyses revealed that suspicion induced negative affect and subsequent perceptions of price fairness. When suspicion was present, more negative feelings toward the retailer and judgments of price unfairness resulted.     

Price Font Disfluency: Anchoring Effects on Future Price Expectations

Novel, unique, or otherwise disfluent fonts are often used to draw consumer attention. However, disfluent fonts may also create metacognitive processing challenges. Therefore, consumers may devote more cognitive resources to process disfluent price fonts and will consequently be more likely to accurately recall and anchor on disfluent price displays when forming their future price expectations. Three experiments demonstrate that disfluent sale prices can reduce future price expectations, while disfluent manufacturer-suggested retail prices (MSRPs) can increase future price expectations. Additionally, price recall accuracy mediates the effect. Moderation analysis demonstrates that disfluent MSRP displays are more likely to affect price-conscious and less-involved consumers.     

招商引资社会效益评价问题研究

目前对招商引资评价中对社会效益的忽视带来了很多负面影响,有必要从社会效益角度设计具有可操作性的评价体系来满足实际工作的需求。在明确了招商引资社会效益评价的经济行为主体和评价原则后,基于招商引资的社会性,构建了包括就业效果、社会进步、生态效益和科技进步四个二级指标和26个三级指标的社会效益评价指标体系。据此,讨论了招商引资社会效益评价的应用前景。     

经济适用房、土地价格与住宅价格——基于我国29个省级面板数据的实证研究

本文采用省级面板数据,研究经济适用房、土地价格与住宅价格之间的关系。研究发现：（1）土地出让价格、经济适用房价格和住宅价格之间存在长期均衡关系,土地出让价格和经济适用房对住宅价格的影响力度存在区域性差异;（2）短期内,经济适用房的替代效应大于收入效应,其供给有利于平抑商品房价格的上涨趋势;长期内,经济适用房的收入效应大于替代效应,其供给会起到推高房价的作用;（3）土地价格对住宅价格的长、短期影响效应均为正,但影响力度存在区域差异。     

林产品价格现状与林产品价格调控体系的构建

林产品价格是农林产品价格体系的重要组成部分,应受到高度重视。林产品价格已经成为影响林业企业经营管理乃至整个林业经济效益的一项重要指标,关注农产品价格的同时,林产品价格及林业经济的健康发展亟待关注和重视。通过林产品价格现状及问题分析,阐述林产品价格规范体系构建的作用,提出林产品价格体系构建的对策,减少林产品价格波动及其对于林业经济的影响,促进林产品价格的稳定以及林业经济的发展。     

The Effects of Coupon Promotion on Repeat Visits in Restaurants

Abstract

Will customers' intention to return to a restaurant increase with coupon promotion? To answer this question, this study examines the hypothetical effects of coupon promotion on return visits to restaurants. Based on a literature review, three hypotheses were developed to test the effect of a coupon, its face value, and a patron's prior dining experience on return intention. The authors found that neither coupon use nor coupon face value contributed to explaining respondents' return intentions. However, repeat customers have a greater likelihood of returning to the restaurant than new customers. The study also showed that the quality of food and service were key indicators of return intention.     

Online Price Search: Impact of Price Comparison Sites on Offline Price Evaluations

Consumers increasingly rely on Internet price comparison sites (PCS) to gain knowledge about the market. The prices generated by a PCS search can act as contextual reference prices and influence the attractiveness of prices encountered later as consumers shop offline at local stores. This paper demonstrates that both PCS retailer ratings and the shape of the PCS price distribution influence the impact of PCS search results on later price evaluations. A favorable PCS retailer rating increases the perceived validity of the price associated with that retailer, enhancing the impact of that PCS price on offline price evaluations (Study 1). The shape of the PCS price distribution can also influence later price evaluations, however this effect depends on the information provided by the PCS retailer ratings. When PCS retailer ratings are similar, implying similar validity for the associated prices, low PCS prices and those appearing more frequently in the PCS price distribution have more impact (Studies 2 and 3). When PCS retailer ratings are variable (some high and some low), the PCS price distribution effect occurs only when the PCS retailer ratings provide congruent information about price validity — that is, the most frequent price is offered by retailers with more favorable ratings. Study 3 shows that price validity inferences do mediate this result. Finally, we depart from the offline shopping context to show that when consumers choose a retailer directly from the PCS search results, the effect of PCS retailer ratings is stronger for high-priced retailers and for consumers who rely less on the retailer price as a heuristic to infer retailer service level. Based on our findings we offer insights for online and offline retailers when considering strategic responses, such as price matching guarantees.     

中国物价总指数变动中的相对价格调整及其宏观调控含义

在对国外相对价格变动与通货膨胀关系研究的文献基础上,本文首先对2001年1月至2008年2月间的中国相对价格变动与整体通货膨胀之间的关系进行了实证分析,结果表明,在样本期内,它们之间存在显著的正相关关系,通胀率上升会伴随着相对价格较大地调整;然后,本文研究了引起相对价格变动的机制,认为不同类别产品的需求收入弹性、需求冲击与供给冲击都可能引起相对价格的变化;最后分析了相对价格变动对宏观调控的意义。     

错过价格促销情境下消费者感知价值损失及其对负向购买意愿的影响

文章构建了错过价格促销情境下价格促销类型、促销幅度、感知价值损失和负向购买意愿关系的理论模型.通过2(价格促销类型:直接降价/间接降价)×2(价格促销幅度:大/小)的因子实验设计,研究发现:在错过价格促销情境下,消费者感知价值损失因价格促销的类型不同、幅度不同而有显著差异,价格促销类型和价格促销幅度对消费者感知价值损失有交互作用,消费者感知价值损失对负向购买意愿存在显著的正向影响.     

When Beauty Backfires: The Effects of Server Attractiveness on Consumer Taste Perceptions

The current research tests whether and how being in the presence of attractive individuals alters consumers’ evaluations of their expected dining experience and the taste of the products consumed. Our results uncover a novel phenomenon in the domains of physical attractiveness and taste perception: attractiveness does indeed impact taste perception, but its influence varies as a function of the valence of the food consumed. When the server is attractive, good food tastes better but bad food tastes worse. Six studies demonstrate this effect and, importantly, show that it occurs for male, but not female consumers and only if the male consumers are low in need for cognition. The implications of this work and potential avenues for additional research are discussed.     

股指期货最后结算价:国际比较与台湾经验

本文对目前全球主要交易所股价指数期货最后结算价的确定规则进行了横向归类和比较,介绍了台湾期货交易所股指期货最后结算价确定规则的历史演变。以我国台湾地区为研究对象,利用拔靴复制检定方法,本文对股指期货最后结算价各种确定规则的效应进行了实证分析,并得到了一系列重要的实证结论。     

促销伤害危机及其应对方式——基于连锁超市的实证研究

近年来由于促销不当而导致消费者受到人身、财务等伤害的事例不断,相应的危机事件增多。尽管政府采取了一系列规范企业促销行为的措施,但促销伤害形式多样界定难。在国内外相关研究的基础上,通过案例分析,对促销伤害危机的概念、分类及其应对方式进行了阐释,不仅丰富了营销安全研究的内容,让企业进一步了解促销伤害带来的直接负面效应,从而有助于规范其自身的促销行为,同时也为其制定更加有效的促销组合提供决策依据。     

The Effect of Product Innovation,Promotion, and Price on Consumer Switching to Private Labels

The channel conflict that exists between retailers and manufacturers of branded products has dynamically shifted as large retailers have expanded their offerings of private label products. This study investigates the ability of consumer packaged goods companies to exert influence in the channel by testing which marketing initiatives implemented by manufacturer brands are more efficient in preventing consumer switching to private labels. We use a hazard model to simultaneously measure the effects due to product innovation, promotion, and price on consumer switching and how strong those effects are. We find that as expected product innovation, promotion, and price exert a negative effect on the consumer likelihood of switching to private labels. However, we find the strongest effect on promotion suggesting the importance of understanding how consumers perceive value in the national brands offer.     

煤矿区队管理者安全素质能力提升研究

区队管理者在煤矿安全管理体系中起着承上启下的作用,其安全素质能力的提升对于提高我国煤矿安全管理水平具有重要的现实意义。本文结合我国煤矿企业实际,从区队管理者应具备的素质能力着手,构建了包含素质、能力、行为三个层面的区队管理者素质能力模型,系统地提出了区队管理者素质能力的提升路径及提升策略。     

The Signaling Impact of Low Introductory Price on Perceived Quality and Trial

Economic signaling theory suggests that consumers interpret price withinthe context of market conditions. Under specific conditions it predicts thatlow price may signal high quality. Results from an experiment designed totest the behavioral assumptions underlying this prediction indicate thatconsumers intentions to purchase conform to the predictions of economicsignaling theory, but their judgments of product quality do not. The resultssuggest that consumers' response to signals may be more complex thanpreviously shown.     

粮食价格管制中的效率与收入分配研究

1978年以来我国粮食价格政策经历的六次大的转变都不同程度地体现了农业与非农业利益集团以及政府围绕效率和收入分配所进行的博弈,并潜在地表现为政府对管制政策可能带来的各方利益的变化进行比较和权衡的过程。文章认为,实现效率与收入再分配的最佳配合一直是我国粮食价格管制政策追求的目标。效率目标在1997年之前主要表现为农业为工业提供产品和要素能力,1997年之后则加入了农村工业品市场扩张的内容;公平的目标主要包括城乡收支水平及其相对变化。     

Acceptance of New Food Products: Reference Prices and Psychological Moderators of Heterogeneous Price Effects

This paper emphasizes a consumer-centered perspective to understand new food product success. It pursues two central objectives by showing that consumers are more likely to interpret new product prices as offering gains or losses depending on their individual purchase histories, and consumer psychographics are demonstrated to affect new product adoption directly, and/or moderate effects of prices and promotions as well as quality signalling product attributes. Several hypotheses are generated based on explanations of underlying psychological mechanisms. For data analysis a cross-classified random effects model is applied to household panel data on yoghurt and sausages that includes four crossed random factors. The findings confirm that inclusion of consumer-specific price information is beneficial for understanding new food products’ adoption behavior. Monetary losses as well as gains negatively affect adoption. Purchase habits also hinder adoption while consumer innovativeness is an important driver. Price consciousness and purchase habits moderate price and promotion effects. While price consciousness reinforces negative effects of prices and positive effects of promotions, habits hinder positive effects of promotions. This implies that introductory promotions are an inappropriate strategy for attracting habitual consumers, and managers should identify appropriate target groups in order to improve the efficiency of introductory promotions.     

酒店服务创新与价值提升研究现状

通过对国内酒店的相关研究进行汇总、梳理和分析,指出国内酒店研究在创新研究以及价值提升研究现状、存在的问题并提出需要进一步深入研究的方向。