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个人信用信息基础数据库正式运行。个人信用信息基础数据库于2006年1月正式运行。这是我国企业和个人征信体系建设中的一项极为重要的基础建设。个人信用信息基础数据库是各商业银行的信用数据信息共享平台。主要采集和保存个人在商业银行的借还款、信用卡、担保等信用信息，以及相关的身份识别信息，并向商业银行提供个人信用信息联网查询服务，满足商业银行防范和管理信用风险的需求，同时服务于货币政策和金融监管。     

金融信用信息基础数据库的功能与定位

《征信业管理条例》(以下简称《条例》)明确规定,在中国人民银行已建立了覆盖全国的个人信用信息基础数据库和企业信用信息基础数据库的基础上,国家设立金融信用信息基础数据库,主要收集商业银行等从事信贷业务的机构所报送的企业和个人的信用信息,并依法为信息使用者提供查询服务。《条例》的出台进一步明确了金融信用信息基础数据库的功能定位,对于规范征信业发展、保护信息主体权益、推动社会信用体系建设具有重大意义。     

个人信用信息基础数据库正式运行

2006年1月16日,人民银行宣布,全国统一的个人信用信息基础数据库进入正式运行阶段。个人信用信息基础数据库是各商业银行信用数据信息的共享平台。主要采集和保存个人在商业银行的借还款、信用卡、担保等信用信息,及相关的身份识别信息,并向商业银行提供个人信用信息联网查询服务,满足商业银行防范和管理信用风险的需求,同时服务于货币政策和金融监管。建立     

采集电信缴费数据的个人征信系统的设计与实现

随着我国个人征信体系建设的加快，已初步完成了商业银行、政府有关部门中个人信用信息的采集，正逐步把分布在其他社会组织和机构中的与个人信用有关的信息进行采集并汇总到中国人民银行个人信用信息数据库中，为商业机构和个人提供个人信用信息的查询服务。电信部门的个人电话缴费资料是个人征信数据库中不可缺少的部分，通过对个人电信交费数据的采集、汇总，将进一步完善个人征信体系的建设，规范人们的信用行为。     

基层央行个人征信系统业务开展情况的调查

人民银行二连浩特市支行个人电子征信系统建立于2005年,经过大量的工作,个人信用电子信息基础数据库系统从2006年1月开始运行,商业银行已正式运行使用个人电子信用信息基础数据库系统,可以联网查询基础数据库系统的个人信用信息,应用电子个人征信系统的范围在逐渐稳步扩大,个人电子信用信息基础数据库逐年在完善,为支持二连浩特口岸城市对外经济的发展发挥了重要的作用.     

个人征信系统数据异议处理流程说明

人民银行“个人信用信息基础数据库”（简称“个人征信系统”）是由人民银行征信管理局牵头组织建设，由商业银行总行向其报送所有个人贷款、信用卡（包括准贷记卡、贷记卡）等个人信用信息数据，该系统按照个人的“身份证件号码”、“证件类型”及“姓名”将不同商业银行报送的个人信用信息数据进行归集处理，再向商业银行、社会有关部门及个人有条件开放查询“个人信用报告”记录的全国集中式的征信数据库系统。系统采集的个人贷款数据内容包括八大段共计72个数据项，详细记录了个人信用情况。个人征信系统自上线以来，运行情况良好，近期个人征信系统出现较多异议报，客户经理在处理异议报时，不能按照正确处理流程将异议报报送省行，造成人行端客户信用评价错误。下面就个人征信异议处理的具体环节做一说明。[第一段]     

关于个人信用信息基础数据库运行情况的调查

个人信用信息基础数据库是我国社会信用体系建设的重要基础设施,是在国务院领导下,由中国人民银行组织商业银行建立的个人信用信息共享平台,其日常运行和管理由中国人民银行征信中心承担。该数据库采集、保存、整理个人信用信息,为商业银行和本人提供信用报告查询服务,为货币政策、金融监管提供统计信息服务。     

建立和完善我国个人征信体系之构想

个人征信是指依法设立的个人征信机构对个人信用信息进行采集和加工，并根据用户要求提供个人信用信息查询和评估服务的活动。它是社会信用服务的重要组成部分，是金融宏观调控的基础。建立覆盖全国的个人征信体系，探索适合我国国情的运作模式，对有效防范信贷风险，约束个人信用行为，改善社会信用环境，推动经济发展，具有十分重要的意义。     

完善信用信息基础库为宏观调控提供基础数据

信用信息基础数据库包括个人信用信息基础数据库、企业信用信息基础数据库等,主要采集和保存个人、企业在商业银行的借还款、信用卡、担保等信用信息,以及相关的身份识别信息.目前主要是向商业银行提供个人、企业信用信息联网查询服务,满足商业银行防范和管理信用风险的需求.笔者通过分析发现,如果对信用信息基础库稍加完善,就能为宏观调控提供基础数据.     

企业和个人征信系统建设中存在的问题亟需关注

当前征信系统包括企业信用信息基础数据库系统和个人信用信息基础数据库系统,企业征信数据库2006年7月底完成了由银行信贷登记咨询系统向企业信用信息基础数据库系统的切换,个人信用信息基础数据库刮2007年6月末基本实现了全国联网．     

Hedging individual mortgage risk

This paper investigates the feasibility of an individual hedging the interest rate risk involved in planning to take out a mortgage at a future point in time. Simulation using market data indicates that a simple futures hedge reduces the variation in mortgage capacity by about one half. Expected mortgage capacity is very close to 100% of the original capacity at a very low cost. Hedging the individual mortgage with a put futures option is less effective in reducing downside risk and has a higher expected cost.     

Dollarization persistence and individual heterogeneity

A salient feature of financial dollarization, arguably the one that causes most concern to policymakers, is its persistence: even after successful macroeconomic stabilizations, dollarization ratios often remain high. In this paper we argue that this persistence is connected to the fact that the participants in the dollar deposit market are fairly heterogenous, and so is the way they form their optimal currency portfolio. We develop a simple model when agents differ in their ability to process information, which turns out to be enough to generate persistence upon aggregation. We provide empirical evidence that is consistent with this claim.     

Why individual investors want dividends

The question of why individual investors want dividends is investigated by submitting a questionnaire to a Dutch investor panel. The respondents indicate that they want dividends partly because the cost of cashing in dividends is lower than the cost of selling shares. Their answers provide strong confirmation for the signaling theories of Bhattacharya (1979) [Bhattacharya, S., 1979. Imperfect information, dividend policy and the “bird in the hand” fallacy. Bell Journal of Economics 10, 259–270] and Miller and Rock (1985) [Miller, M., Modigliani, F., 1961. Dividend policy, growth and the valuation of shares. Journal of Business 34, 411–433]. They are inconsistent with the uncertainty resolution theory of Gordon (1961, 1962) [Gordon, M., 1961. The Investment, Financing, and Valuation of the Corporation, Richard D. Irwin, Homewood, IL; Gordon, M., 1962. The savings, investment and valuation of a corporation. Review of Economics and Statistics 44, 37–51.] and the agency theories of Jensen (1986) [Jensen, M.C., 1986. Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance and takeovers. American Economic Review 76, 323–329] and Easterbrook (1984) [Easterbrook, F.H., 1984. Two agency-cost explanations of dividends. American Economic Review 74, 650–659]. The behavioral finance theory of Shefrin and Statman (1984) [Shefrin, H.M., Statman, M., 1984. Explaining investor preference for cash dividends. Journal of Financial Economics 13, 253–282] is not confirmed for cash dividends but is confirmed for stock dividends. Finally, our results indicate that individual investors do not tend to consume a large part of their dividends. This raises some doubt as to whether a reduction or elimination of dividend taxes will stimulate the economy.     

Investment principles for individual retirement accounts

The phenomenal growth of individual retirement accounts in the US, and globally, challenges both individuals and their advisors to rationally manage these investments. The two essential differences between an individual retirement account and an institutional portfolio are the length of the investment horizon and the regularity of monthly contributions. The purpose of this paper is to contrast principles of institutional investing with the management of individual retirement accounts. Using monthly historical data from 1926 to 2005 we evaluate the suitability for managing individual retirement portfolios of seven principles employed in institutional investing. We discover that some of these guidelines can be beneficially applied to the investment management of individual retirement accounts while others need to be reconsidered.     

Preferred risk habitat of individual investors

The preferred risk habitat hypothesis, introduced here, is that individual investors select stocks whose volatilities are commensurate with their risk aversion. The data, 1995–2000 holdings of over 20,000 clients at a large German broker, are consistent with the predictions of the hypothesis: the returns of stocks within each portfolio have remarkably similar volatilities, when stocks are sold they are replaced by stocks of similar volatilities, and the more risk-averse customers indeed hold less volatile stocks. Greater volatility specialization is associated with lower Sharpe ratios, primarily because more specialized investors hold fewer stocks and thereby expose themselves to more unsystematic risk.     

Machine learning in individual claims reserving

Machine learning techniques make it feasible to calculate claims reserves on individual claims data. This paper illustrates how these techniques can be used by providing an explicit example in individual claims reserving.     

Option trading and individual investor performance

This paper examines the impact of option trading on individual investor performance. The results show that most investors incur substantial losses on their option investments, which are much larger than the losses from equity trading. We attribute the detrimental impact of option trading on investor performance to poor market timing that results from overreaction to past stock market returns. High trading costs further contribute to the poor returns on option investments. Gambling and entertainment appear to be the most important motivations for trading options while hedging motives only play a minor role. We also provide strong evidence of performance persistence among option traders.     

Globalization and individual gains from trade

We analyze the impact of globalization on individual gains from trade in a general equilibrium model of monopolistic competition featuring product diversity, pro-competitive effects and income heterogeneity between and within countries. Although trade reduces markups in both countries in our framework, its impact on variety depends on their relative position in the world income distribution: product diversity in the lower income country always expands, while that in the higher income country may shrink. When the latter occurs, the richer consumers in the higher income country may lose from trade because the relative importance of variety versus quantity increases with income. Using data on GDP per capita and population, as well as on the U.S. income distribution, our theoretical results are illustrated in two different contexts: the hypothetical bilateral trade liberalization between the U.S. and 188 countries; and the historical sequence of U.S. free trade agreements since 1985.