养老保险统筹账户收支缺口省际差异研究北大核心CSSCI

本文构建了基于省级层面的人口模型和养老金统筹账户收支模型,并据此预测了未来各省城镇职工养老保险统筹账户的收支余额。结果显示:(1)我国城镇职工养老保险统筹账户的年度余额和累积余额在未来存在较大的省际差异,在前两个测算时点(2025年和2050年),部分省份存在收支结余,而部分省份存在收支缺口,到测算期末(2075年),所有省份的养老金均存在缺口;(2)人口省际流动对养老金收支平衡将产生一定影响,人口的净流入使养老金收支状况得以改善,反之,人口的净流出导致养老金收支恶化;(3)出生率的降低恶化了各省养老金收支状况,且这种作用对经济欠发达地区更为显著。     

城镇职工基本养老金偿付能力影响因素研究

文章从经济、人口、制度方面对城镇职工基本养老金偿付能力影响因素进行理论和实证研究。研究结果表明：养老金总体风险现状良好且具有时间上的持续性；利率、收入增长率、覆盖率对偿付能力产生正向影响，通货膨胀、GDP、替代率影响为负；赡养率和死亡率对偿付能力影响为负，它们的交叉项对其影响为正，人口老龄化对死亡率影响城镇养老基金的偿付能力产生了门槛效应。文章指出延迟退休政策应该更加慎重；养老保险扩面不能根据短期的利益盲目进行；通过继续降低替代率水平来提升养老金偿付能力只能产生更多的负面效应。     

公共养老金体系偿付能力评估方法评析

随着全球人口老龄化的加剧和人口长寿风险的增强,世界各国的公共养老金体系普遍面临日益严重的支付压力,制度的偿付能力和持续发展面临巨大挑战。但实践中,对于如何评估公共养老金体系的偿付能力还没有形成全球一致性的原则与方法,我国在这些方面的理论研究与实践经验基本上处于空白状态。本文将在文献学习和国际经验对比分析的基础上,对国际上两种代表性的公共养老金体系偿付能力评估模型进行评析,以期为我国基本养老保险偿付能力评估系统的建立提供参考。     

精算模型在确定给付养老金计划风险管理中的应用

养老基金的风险管理越来越多地受到各国的关注.捐纳金风险和偿付能力风险是确定给付(DB)养老金计划的主要风险,通过分析和评价确定型模型、随机模型和动态随机控制模型等三类精算模型在评估和控制DB计划风险中的作用,说明养老金计划的决策者能够利用精算模型逐年确定恰当的捐纳金并进行有效的风险管理.     

德国养老金待遇确定机制研究

在人口出生率下降和人口老龄化加深的双重压力背景下,德国的养老保险制度面对着可持续发展的巨大压力。为此德国不断对养老保险制度进行调整,在历次重要的养老保险制度改革中,养老金待遇确定机制的改革成为一个重要的内容。通过一系列的改革,德国在养老保险缴费率水平可控的条件下实现了制度的可持续发展。本文以德国养老金待遇确定机制为重点,分析德国养老金待遇确定机制改革的核心内容,并对改革的实质进行了深入研究。本文的研究发现,通过对养老金确定机制的改革,德国养老保险制度引入了缴费者和退休者共同分担养老金调整成本的机制,实现了合理的代际分配关系,养老保险制度成为一种新型的准待遇确定机制的模式。德国养老金待遇确定机制改革可供中国改革实践的借鉴。     

全面“二孩时代”对我国社保养老基金收支的影响——以城镇职工基本养老保险基金收支为例

我国人口出生率近年持续下降、老龄化进程不断加剧,给养老保险金的支付造成巨大压力。为了化解养老金支付压力,2013年我国出台了"单独二胎"政策,2015年全面二孩政策也出台实施。在此背景下,本文建立精算模型,分析了二孩时代对我国城镇企业职工基本养老保险基金收支产生的影响。研究发现,在延续单独二胎政策不变的情况下,统筹基金不会出现收不抵支的情况,盈余在2035年之后有一定幅度增长,而随着生育意愿的提高,社会保险养老金盈余随之升高。     

养老保险统筹账户收支缺口省际差异研究

本文构建了基于省级层面的人口模型和养老金统筹账户收支模型,并据此预测了未来各省城镇职工养老保险统筹账户的收支余额。结果显示：（1）我国城镇职工养老保险统筹账户的年度余额和累积余额在未来存在较大的省际差异,在前两个测算时点（2025年和2050年）,部分省份存在收支结余,而部分省份存在收支缺口,到测算期末（2075年）,所有省份的养老金均存在缺口;（2）人口省际流动对养老金收支平衡将产生一定影响,人口的净流入使养老金收支状况得以改善,反之,人口的净流出导致养老金收支恶化;（3）出生率的降低恶化了各省养老金收支状况,且这种作用对经济欠发达地区更为显著。     

缴费年限对养老保险基金支付风险的影响研究

缴费年限直接影响着养老保险基金的缴费积累与参保者的待遇水平。能够领取养老金的缴费年限由最低缴费年限和退休年龄框定,参保者在缴费年限上具有较大的自主选择权。本文根据城镇职工基本养老保险现行制度设计,运用保险精算方法,构建了基金支付风险精算模型,并依据该模型实证评估了缴费年限对养老保险基金支付风险的影响。研究结果表明:单方面提高最低缴费年限并不能降低基金支付风险,根本原因在于“长缴多得”的计发机制;退休年龄的延长确能降低基金的支付风险,“早缴费”、“长缴费”将是减少养老基金支付风险的重要举措,但需要辅之以最低缴费年限调整才能充分发挥延迟退休增收减支作用;同一退休年龄下,女性比男性获益程度更高,相应地对实现缴费与待遇平衡产生更大的负效应;缴费年限增加能够提高替代率,增强制度的保障功能;缴费比例降低以及退休后平均余命、城镇单位就业人员平均工资增长率、养老金增长率、个人账户记账利率以及平均缴费工资指数提高会增大基金支付风险。建议通过调整退休年龄辅之以最低缴费年限并进行参量调整以降低基金支付风险。     

京津冀地区养老金长寿风险度量与应对机制

京津冀养老保险制度一体化是京津冀协同发展的重要内容,然而当前存在地区经济发展不均衡、人口平均预期寿命差异较大的问题,协同发展中将会受到不同程度长寿风险的冲击,阻碍养老保险制度的对接与融合。论文借鉴欧盟第二代偿付能力监管理论,构建养老金长寿风险度量指标,利用中国国家统计局公布的人口普查与1%抽样调查数据,对京津冀地区所面临的长寿风险进行度量。结果显示,京津冀地区人口死亡风险存在较大的异质性,所面临的长寿风险冲击不平等,其中北京市人口平均预期寿命最高、其次是天津市、河北省最低,而人口寿命最低的河北省养老金体系面临较高的长寿风险；延迟退休是应对京津冀地区养老金长寿风险的重要机制,但实践中会受到社会因素的制约,建议采用渐进性或弹性退休政策；利率机制在降低养老金长寿风险中也能发挥重要作用,但前提是有一个健康稳定的资本市场。     

我国养老保险制度对城镇居民储蓄影响分析

首先运用简单生命周期模型来推导养老保险制度对私人储蓄的资产替代效应和收入效应,认为在基金制下,养老保险制度不会改变私人储蓄和政府储蓄的总量;而在现收现付制下,养老保险制度对私人储蓄具有挤出效应。其次,实证分析表明,养老保险制度的完善降低了我国城镇居民边际储蓄倾向,参考养老保险净收益的稳定和养老金水平的提高会降低城镇居民储蓄率,老年人口抚养比的提高则会提高城镇居民储蓄率。     

Projections of pension fund solvency under alternative valuation regimes

This paper examines the impact of three alternative valuation regimes on perceived pension fund solvency. Deterministic valuation assumes smoothed valuation of assets and liabilities. National valuation is based on market valuation of assets and on smoothed valuation of liabilities. International valuation marks assets and liabilities to market values. Using closed-form methods based on the funding ratio return, we exemplify the dramatic effect that the choice of valuation approach has on long-horizon solvency projections.     

Valuation of Contingent Pension Liabilities and Guarantees Under Sponsor Default Risk

This article analyzes the relationship between a pension fund with contingently indexed defined benefit liabilities and its sponsor, using contingent claims analysis. As pension funds generally choose to run a mismatch risk, future surpluses and deficits will occur. Surpluses are divided between beneficiaries and sponsor through contingent indexation of the benefits and refunding. Covering a deficit at the pension fund level is a function of the sponsor's financial ability to do so. This article suggests that this system creates an asymmetric allocation of the residual risk between sponsor and beneficiaries. The optimal investment policy for the pension fund in this context can be found by reverse engineering option valuation formulas. The main conclusion is that sponsor default risk negatively impacts the optimum risk profile and thereby the market value of contingent pension liabilities.     

延迟退休年龄、内生生育率与养老金

本文通过构建内生生育率的OLG模型,从微观视角考察了延迟退休年龄对生育率、养老金替代率及其个人养老金收入的影响。研究表明:(1)延迟退休年龄会提高均衡时的生育率水平,但提高幅度非常有限。(2)生育率的提高会增加未来劳动力供给,促进养老金替代率上升和养老金收入增加,而延迟退休年龄延长了养老保险缴费期限,也会促进养老金替代率上升和养老金收入增加;但同时,延迟退休年龄将使得预防性储蓄下降,资本积累降低,工资收入下降,养老金收入降低。因此,延迟退休年龄会使养老金替代率上升。当资本产出弹性大于或等于0.5时,延迟退休年龄会使得养老金收入降低;当资本产出弹性小于0.5时,在平均预期寿命较大或养老保险缴费比例较高的情形下,养老金收入会随着退休年龄的延迟而增加,反之,其会随着退休年龄的延迟而降低。进一步地,将模型拓展到包含人力资本的情形,延迟退休年龄仍会提高均衡时的生育率与养老金替代率。     

An analysis of risk-taking behavior for public defined benefit pension plans

This paper presents the first comprehensive study on the determinants of public pension fund investment risk and reports several new important findings. Unlike private pension plans, public funds undertake more risk if they are underfunded and have lower investment returns in the previous years, consistent with the risk transfer hypothesis. Furthermore, pension funds in states facing fiscal constraints allocate more assets to equity and have higher betas. There also appears to be a herding effect in that CalPERS equity allocation or beta is mimicked by other pension funds. Finally, our results suggest that government accounting standards strongly affect pension fund risk, as higher return assumptions (used to discount pension liabilities) are associated with higher equity allocation and portfolio beta.     

Iterated VaR or CTE measures: A false good idea?

The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we consider different risk measures in order to determine the solvency capital requirement of a pension fund. Secondly, we illustrate the impact of the time horizon of long-term guarantee products on these capital. We consider a financial market modelled by a common Black–Scholes–Merton model. We neglect the mortality and underwriting risks by assuming that the pension fund is fully hedged against these risks, which allows us to keep understandable and tractable formulæ (the longevity risk will be a part of future researches). A portfolio is built in this market according to different strategies and the pension fund offers a fixed guaranteed rate on a certain time horizon. We begin with well-known static risk measures (value at risk and conditional tail expectation measures) and then we consider their natural dynamic generalization. In order to be time consistent, we consider their iterated versions by a backward iterations scheme. Within the dynamic setting, we show that solvency capital can be expensive and that attention must be paid to the safety level considered.     

海南省被征地农民基本养老保险项目投资收益需求测算

目前,为保障被征地农民的利益,相关省市已陆续出台了被征地农民养老保险的相关政策。为了满足养老金的支付需求,必须对资金的投资收益需求进行测算。依据海南省颁布的《海南省被征地农民基本养老保险暂行办法》(下称《暂行办法》)的相关规定,本文对海南省被征地农民养老保险资金的投资收益率需求做了测算,并对性别比例、平均年龄、消费价格指数等因素进行了敏感性分析。     

Pension Funds’ Asset Allocation and Participant Age: A Test of the Life‐Cycle Model

This article examines the impact of participants’ age distribution on the asset allocation of Dutch pension funds, using a unique data set of pension fund investment plans for 2007. Theory predicts a negative effect of age on (strategic) equity exposures. We observe that a 1‐year higher average age in active participants leads to a significant and robust reduction of the strategic equity exposure by around 0.5 percentage point. Larger pension funds show a stronger age‐equity exposure effect. The average age of active participants influences investment behavior more strongly than the average age of all participants, which is plausible as retirees no longer possess any human capital.     

人口老龄化、养老保险基金缺口弥补与经济增长

本文构建一个包含财政支出和公共债务的世代交叠模型,以养老保险基金缺口弥补为核心内容,考察人口老龄化对经济增长的影响,并探讨采用何种基金缺口弥补方式更有利于促进经济增长。研究发现,若采用财政补贴方式弥补基金缺口,生存概率上升和生育率下降均提高经济增速;若采用发行公债方式或两者兼用方式弥补基金缺口,当人力资本产出弹性较小时相应结论不变,反之则经济增速随生存概率上升呈倒U型变化趋势,随生育率下降而提高。基金缺口弥补方式是影响经济增长的重要制度因素,人力资本产出弹性较小时发行公债方式下的经济增速最高,反之则为财政补贴方式。结合我国现实,本文认为政府应探索包括发行公债在内的多种基金缺口弥补方式以更好地应对人口老龄化,实现经济长期较快增长。     

HOW SHOULD PENSION FUNDS MANAGE RISK?

Despite recent advances in risk management techniques, pension funds are still struggling with the concept of risk and with the practical challenges of managing and measuring it in useful ways. This article addresses this problem by showing that pension fund managers must manage two types of risk that affect a pension fund balance sheet's funded ratio. The most important of the two is asset policy risk, which arises from the choice of an asset mix policy that does not match the accrued pension liabilities. The other risk results from the decision to implement the chosen asset mix using active rather than passive management strategies.
This article shows how both types of risk can be measured and managed through an adapted value at risk (VAR) metric: the funded ratio VAR. A study of the performance of 98 pension funds during the period 1992–1995 shows that the funds were adequately compensated, on average, for taking on the policy risk, but not for implementation risk.     

Pension Benefit Security: A Comparison of Solvency Requirements,a Pension Guarantee Fund,and Sponsor Support

Developed countries apply different security mechanisms in regulation to protect pension benefits: solvency requirements, a pension guarantee fund (PGF), and sponsor support. We compare these mechanisms for a generalized form of hybrid pension schemes. We calculate the expected log return for the beneficiaries, the shortfall probability, that is, the likelihood of the pension payment falling below the promised level and the expected loss given shortfall. Comparing solvency requirements to a pension guarantee system or sponsor support involves trading off risk and return. Additional spending on default insurance reduces the shortfall probability and the expected loss given shortfall but also lowers the probability of high positive returns as are feasible under solvency requirements.