影子银行信用创造对货币供应量影响的实证分析——基于货币乘数视角

近年来,我国影子银行规模不断扩大,对货币供应量以及对货币政策效应的影响日渐加深。尝试构建引入影子银行体系的货币乘数模型,基于货币乘数视角分析影子银行信用创造对货币创造机制及货币供应量的影响,并运用2005年至2018年5月的月度数据进行实证检验。研究结果表明:影子银行体系与货币供应量具有长期稳定的关系、且影子银行体系的扩张会扩大货币供应量;而影子银行体系对货币供应量的影响主要取决于影子银行吸收存款比例、存款"流动性"及其预留扣减率的变化。     

影子银行对我国货币政策的影响与对策

影子银行的过快发展会影响货币供应量的可测性、可控性和相关性,不利于货币政策最终目标的实现,影响货币政策的有效性。实证研究结果表明,我国影子银行发展削弱了货币政策的可控性,不利于维持物价稳定,与经济增长、通货膨胀、货币供给量之间存在长期的协整关系。对此,应完善货币供应量的统计口径,注重社会融资总量指标,货币政策中介目标应向利率中介指标倾斜。同时,调整准备金的统计口径,提高再贴现工具的效力,加强对影子银行的监管。     

影子银行对中国货币政策的影响

在新凯恩斯主义和货币主义理论基础上引入影子银行存量规模对货币供给和利率的影响,从而得到一个包含影子银行、货币供应量、利率、CPI和GDP的动态系统模型。在考虑时间聚合问题后,利用混频抽样数据结构向量自回归(MIDAS-SVAR)模型分析了影子银行对货币政策目标的影响。LR检验的结果显示MIDAS-SVAR模型优于季度SVAR模型。对比MIDAS-SVAR模型和SVAR模型中GDP方差分解的结果发现,影子银行在MIDAS-SVAR模型中对GDP预测方差的贡献要高于SVAR模型。脉冲响应函数的结果显示,影子银行对货币供应量M2的影响要强于利率R。季度内第3个月份影子银行存量规模对货币政策中介目标和最终目标变量的影响与季度内第1个月和第2个月的影响存在差异。央行在利用货币政策进行宏观调控时,应充分考虑不同月份影子银行存量规模,保证货币政策效果不被扭曲。     

影子银行对我国货币政策有效性的影响

近年来,我国影子银行规模的不断膨胀对货币政策有效性产生了深刻的影响。本文根据我国2006—2014年相关变量的月度数据,采用FAVAR模型测度货币政策目标受影子银行影响的效果。研究发现,影子银行规模的扩大会在一定时期内减弱经济增长波动幅度,加剧物价水平的不稳定性,降低央行对货币供应量的控制力,进而影响我国货币政策的实施效果。     

影子银行对我国货币供应量影响的实证分析

影子银行运用自身信用创造功能向社会增加了信贷供给,实际扩大了货币供应量,这对当前我国货币供应量中介目标产生了冲击,影响了货币政策调控效果。采用1992-2010年的年度数据建立相应的VAR模型,实证研究影子银行与货币供应量之间的动态关系,根据实证结论并结合我国当前的现状提出相应的政策建议:采用信用总量主导的货币政策降低影子银行影响;加快利率市场化改革弱化货币总量波动;规范银行理财业务降低金融风险等。     

信贷规模对货币政策的影响研究——基于中资全国性中小型银行信贷的实证研究

本文运用2010~2013年的月度时间序列数据,利用协整回归方法,对中资全国性中小型银行人民币信贷与货币供应量之间的关系进行了分析。实证结果表明,中资全国性中小型银行人民币信贷总额与流通中的现金之间存在稳定的、单向的、正向的长期均衡关系,而与狭义货币供应量、广义货币供应量之间不存在稳定的长期均衡关系。另外,通过本文的实证研究还可知,中资全国性中小型银行人民币信贷规模保持稳定或者略微增加时,能够促进流通中的现金保持稳定,有利于中国现阶段稳健货币政策的实施。     

中国货币供应量的产出、通货膨胀效应实证分析

采用中国1978～2008年的年度数据,运用VAR模型实证分析中国货币供应量政策对总产出和通货膨胀的效应。主要进行了脉冲反应分析和方差分解分析,并结合中国货币供应量政策的特点,得出以下结论:(1)中国货币政策在短期内对产出有影响,在长期是中性的;(2)货币供应量无论在长期还是短期内都对物价具有系统性影响;(3)中国货币政策有效,但效果有限;(4)中国货币供应量受到物价和产出变动一定的影响,即货币供给具有一定内生性。     

货币政策对房地产价格的动态影响研究——基于VAR模型的实证

货币政策对房地产价格的影响是一个长期动态过程,货币供应量与利率水平的变化冲击会对房地产价格产生长远影响.本文通过建立VAR模型,运用脉冲响应函数与方差分解的方法研究了货币供应量与利率变化冲击对中国房地产价格的动态影响.分析结果表明,货币供应量变化对房地产价格有长期的持续正向影响,货币供应量的增加会导致房地产价格上涨;利率变化对房地产价格有负向影响,但在长期其动态影响逐渐减弱,并最终回归到原点;货币供应量变化对房地产价格变化的贡献率大于利率变化对房地产价格变化的贡献率,且前者呈加速上升趋势,而后者则逐渐减小.     

影子银行体系下货币政策传导“渗漏”与“扭曲”效应研究

影子银行是正规金融机构的有益补充,但因其具有脆弱性,不受监测和监管,会削弱货币政策效果。本文从理论上提出影子银行体系下货币政策传导"渗漏"与"扭曲"效应假设,并运用实证分析发现我国影子银行体系借助信用创造功能、加速社会资金运转,显著影响货币供给总量与货币流动速度,导致货币政策传导的"总量渗漏"和"结构扭曲",在货币政策宽松、社会总需求扩张时期,影子银行活动能够有效补充正规金融体系的货币信用供给不足,强化扩张性货币政策的传导效力;但在货币政策收缩阶段,影子银行的"总量渗漏"会显著弱化中央银行的货币供给调控能力,扭曲紧缩性货币政策传导效果。     

附件三:流动性过剩的长期与短期管理

正自中国1994年10月正式向社会公布货币供应量统计数据以来,中国的货币供应量一直保持着较快增长速度。长期的货币快速供给带来了较大的货币规模,到2013年中期,中国货币供应量的绝对规模超过100万亿元,货币的相对规模(M2/GDP)也超过了1.8,远高于典型的发达国家与新兴国家。货币的快速供给带来一系列的问题,包括房地产市场泡沫、产能过剩与潜在的通货膨胀压力,并使人们再次审视货币政策的     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.