组织方式视角下农户土地流转决策行为分析——基于大样本农户调研

本文基于河南省2759个农户实地调研数据,提出农户土地流转行为基本假设,建立Heckman两阶段决策行为模型,考察了各种组织方式视角下农户土地流转行为。调研结果显示,河南省土地流转仍处于自发组织阶段,粮食直补影响土地流转意愿,有些因素长期制约农村土地流转。本文认为农村土地流转将伴随农村人口老龄化和农村劳动力非农化,因此,应该尊重农民土地流转意愿选择;同时,加强农村合作经济组织建设,加速农村非农产业发展,提高农村居民社会保障水平,以加速农村土地流转。     

农民就业、农村社会保障和土地流转——基于河南省479个农户调查的分析北大核心CSSCI

在对农村土地流转理论模型的创新性推演的基础上,本文运用Tobit模型对农民非农就业、农村社会保障与土地流转的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明,农民工的出现将会延伸和深化产业链条,解放出被土地束缚的大量农村劳动力,使得土地流转成为可能;在不完全劳动力市场下,农民工就业机会和农村社会保障决定农村土地流转,土地提供了农户最大化使用家庭劳动力的机会;农户的土地流出程度与其劳动力非农就业及地权稳定性成正比;土地的社会保障功能使得依赖于土地的农户更愿意转入土地从事专业化农业生产。农村土地流转面临着很大的制约和困难,最主要的就是农村土地的社保功能难以和土地的生产功能相剥离。     

农村土地流转问题分析

一、农村土地流转的基本内涵和背景(一)土地流转的基本内涵。土地流转,即农用地使用权流转,实际上就是农户对所拥有的集体土地承包经营权的交易。在我国现行的土地制度中,以物权对象的土地流转形式包括土地转让、继承和抵押等,即以土地使用权为对象的土地流转;以债权为对象的土地流转的形式有土     

农户分化对农村土地流转的影响研究——基于铁岭农村的实证调查

农户分化是近年来农村社会出现的一个不可忽视的现象,不同分化类型农户由于所处的外部环境、经济收入的不同,使得其土地流转行为产生差异。本研究利用辽宁省铁岭市实地问卷调查所得的数据,在理论分析与研究假说的基础上,运用Logistic模型对农户分化与农村土地流转的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明,不同分化类型农户的土地流转行为存在差异,非农户和Ⅱ兼农户转出土地的可能性较大,而专业农户和Ⅰ兼农户转入土地的可能性较大。基于上述研究结论,针对不同分化类型农户提出了加快土地流转的建议措施,以期为加快农村土地流转提供理论参考。     

农村土地流转的供求意愿及其流转效率的评价研究

研究目的:研究农村土地流转的农户供求意愿,定量评价土地流转的经济效率。研究方法:通过设置的土地流转意愿度指标分析农户土地流转的供给意愿,通过农户实际土地经营规模和最适土地经营规模的比较分析农户的需求意愿,利用市场供求模型估算土地流转带来的供求双方农户经济福利。研究结果:中部6省的农户供给意愿在0.18—0.52之间,农户实际土地经营规模为0.27—0.73 hm2/户,最适土地经营规模0.61—1.08 hm2/户,以100—300元/亩流转交易价实行土地流转后,中部6省中各省供给方农户的经济福利可达到1.1—9.2亿元,需求方农户的经济福利可达到2.2—12.2亿元。研究结论:从供给角度看,当前农户的土地流转意愿低;从需求角度看,农户有土地流转的意愿。土地流转交易使土地资源和劳动力资源得到重新配置,增进了土地供给者和土地需求者的福利,提高了经济效率。     

社会保障视角下农户"土地流转置换"的需求意愿和启示——基于浙江嘉兴、金华的实证研究

土地对于这国农民而言,不仅是财富之源,而且是民生之本.土地不仅承担着农民基本的物质保障,同时也是基重要的心理"防护伞",农民失去土地也就意味着失去了稳定的养老、就业保障,然而,城市化、工业化、专业化是这国经济发展的必然趋势.这基中必将涉及农村土地的征用与集中(流转).在农村土地承担社会保障功能的前提下,如何解决土地征用与集中(流转)过程中的问题,本文结合对浙江嘉兴、金华农户调研情况,提出了以社会保障为视角,对农户"土地流转置换"的意愿进行了分析,并提出了几点建议.     

农村土地的流入与流出:基于CHARLS数据的实证分析

农村土地的流入与流出可以提高土地利用率,促成农业的规模经营。文章基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2011年数据,采用分层模型深入分析了农户土地流转行为。研究结果表明:目前,农村土地流转率不高,农户是否进行土地流转受其本身(户主年龄、性别、文化程度、身体状况、家庭经济来源)及社区(土地确权政策、土地流转市场规模、交通状况)两个层面因果影响。因此,要加大对农民人力资本的培养,落实土地确权政策,健全农村土地流转市场。     

广东农村土地流转影响因素分析——一个描述统计

本文根据农户问卷调查,分析了广东农村土地承包经营权流转的基本状况,对影响农户土地流转的相关因素进行了描述性统计。调查发现,农户土地承包经营权流转状况的主要影响因素有农村经济发展状况、农户家庭状况、契约状况和土地禀赋等。     

我国农村土地流转创新机制研究——基于政府干预信息披露的博弈分析

我国土地流转机制的创新是农村土地制度改革的关键。本文梳理了土地确权之后我国农村土地流转的过程,建立并分析了农户与基层组织的博弈模型、农户与农地转入主体协议流转机制下的博弈模型,以及农地公开拍卖流转机制下农地转入主体之间的博弈模型。分析结果表明,基层组织对土地流转过程的干预程度会对农户的期望收益产生负影响,一般情况下农地的拍卖流转价格会高于农地的协议流转价格,农村土地流转过程中信息的完全程度会影响农村土地流转的价格。因此,要尊重农民土地流转的自主性,保护农民利益,减少对农村土地流转过程的行政干预;完善相关法律和政策,建立信息公开、充分竞争的农村土地流转创新机制;构建区域范围内的土地流转信息发布与产权交易平台。     

专业化农户农地流转及其福利效应——基于1079个苹果种植户的实证分析

本文通过构建专业化农户农地流转理论模型探索专业化农户农地流转的制约因素,并从固定资产不可分性、专业化分工、交易成本节约等方面分析农地流转对农户福利的影响机理。研究表明,在"三权分置"农地流转产权制度安排下,农地租赁价格对调节资源配置的杠杆效应有限;专业化农户是否流入农地取决于农户的实物资产专用性、人力资本专用性和农地流转的社会经济风险,而农地流入规模取决于土地的边际收益、生产能力以及农地流转的搜寻成本、谈判成本和执行成本;农地流入会提高农户的福利水平。     

Towards a theory for a practical optimisation model for a farm

Abstract

Total factor productivity in communal agriculture in Zimbabwe grew at 1.73% per annum from 1975 to 1990. Growth was negative before independence in 1980 and then reached over 8% a year, but turned negative again after 1985. The success following independence can be explained by the widespread adoption of modern technology, especially in maize production. Adoption was driven by the reorientation of government policy towards the communal sector, which led to improved price incentives and public provision of essential infrastructure investments, such as marketing depots and farm credit facilities. However, the high costs of support proved to be unsustainable and productivity declined from 1985.     

Location equilibria in a mixed duopsony with a cooperative

This work analyses a two‐stage price–location game between a profit maximising firm and a primary producers' cooperative. According to the results, the location equilibria are not fixed but depend on the intrinsic competitiveness of the spatial market. As the intrinsic competitiveness rises, the cooperative tends to be located closer to the middle point of the market. The limited differentiation in location entails an efficiency loss which is nevertheless smaller than that associated with the competition of two profit maximising firms (pure duopsony) on exactly the same spatial market. The superiority of a mixed duopsony lies in the fact that the resulting equilibrium locations entail lower total transportation cost relative to those of a pure duopsony.     

Nourishing urbanism: a case for a new urban paradigm

True sustainability demands that we seek to more than ‘prop up’ traditional approaches to our environment; rather, it requires that we redress current shortcomings in the planning and design of our urban environment at both bio-regional and local scales. Nourishing Urbanism proposes a shift in the urban and non-urban paradigm relating to energy, water and food; all face significant climate-related challenges—and are united by land-use policy, planning and design. We need a renewed planning and design framework for cities and regions that allows the retrofitting of today's urbanity, and prepares our cities for a new tomorrow. Nourishing Urbanism seeks to provide a malleable planning and design framework that embraces the symbiosis between urban and non-urban, and provides for the well-being of the human condition through recommending policies and technical solutions that readdress land use, ultimately impacting the security of our energy, water and soil resources, as well as infrastructure, food supply, health and design.     

Specifying a poly‐period development programme for a family farm

Most measures of inequality focus on the distribution of income and resources. A potentially important additional source of inequality stems from unequal property rights protection. The aim of the present paper was to examine the existence and patterns of systematic within-country inequalities in effective land rights in Rwanda. While a large qualitative literature discusses the comparative land rights of different groups, there is a lack of systematic quantitative evidence on the existence of land right inequalities. The results of estimations drawing on data on the land tenure arrangements of over 17 000 Rwandan households do indeed suggest within-country inequalities in land rights. In particular, despite recent reform efforts to improve women's land rights, a gender gap in land rights was observed that persisted throughout the 2005–2011 period studied, highlighting that institutional development takes time and that changes in de jure legislation do not automatically translate into changes in effective rights. Moreover, conflict-displaced households and households resettled to newly constructed village settlements all report weaker land rights than their respective comparison groups.     

发挥桥梁纽带作用 做好协会(学会)工作

<正>2009年,四川省粮食行业协会(学会)在省粮食局直接领导下,在全国粮食行业协会和省民政厅、省社科联的指导下,紧密联系各市、州粮食行业协会(学会)和全省粮食工作者,坚持以邓小平理论、     

The optimal export tax for a primary commodity in a vertical market

The conventional formula for the optimal export tax (derived from a partial equilibrium model that ignores importers’ welfare) is extended to include the deadweight loss to the domestic economy associated with the tax. Applying the extended formula to the tax Russia imposes on its exports of logs, results suggest ignoring the marketing channel causes the optimal export tax for a primary commodity to be understated. The degree of understatement increases as the supply of logs and processing/marketing inputs become less price elastic, and as buyer and seller power in the downstream (lumber) industry increases. For plausible values of model parameters, however, the degree of understatement is modest, less than 19%.     

Incorporating risk in a positive mathematical programming framework: a dual approach

In this study we develop a new methodological proposal to incorporate risk into a farm‐level positive mathematical programming (PMP) model. We estimate simultaneously the farm nonlinear cost function and a farmer‐specific coefficient of absolute risk aversion as well as the resource shadow prices. The model is applied to a sample of representative arable crop farms from the Emilia‐Romagna region in Italy. The estimation results confirm the calibration ability of the model and reveal the values of the individual risk aversion coefficients. We use the model to simulate different scenarios of crop price volatility, in order to explore the potential risk management role of an agri‐environmental scheme.     

Investigating stakeholder reactions to a bold salinity policy using a choice experiment

As a statement of policy, the Western Australian Salinity Investment Framework focuses attention on the benefits and costs of outcomes from the abatement of dryland salinity. Policy implementation would result in funds being spent unevenly across the landscape according to the value of assets protected, as well as the costs and effectiveness of treatments. This study used a choice experiment to investigate the reaction of rural stakeholders to the economic principles embodied in the Salinity Investment Framework. The results indicate that what matters is the type of assets protected, the risk of failure and the level of community involvement in the decision-making process; not the distribution of benefits. The results imply that the success of the Salinity Investment Framework, or other prioritised systems of resource management, in terms of community acceptance, does not necessarily rest upon distributional issues, and that other factors play a more crucial role. Policy makers could take this as a signal for the wider acceptance of decision frameworks that promote targeted investment according to public benefit.     

Comparing the Profitability of a Greenhouse to a Vertical Farm in Quebec

Rapidly growing demand for year‐round fresh food, regardless of the weather or climate, is driving demand for controlled environment agriculture systems. Sales from greenhouses (GHs) are growing at 8.8%, while sales from vertical farms (VFs) are growing at 30%. It is commonly believed in industry circles that a VF cannot economically compete with a GH, due to the high cost of powering artificial lighting. Nonetheless, researchers have yet to analyze the economics underlying a VF, let alone compare the profitability of a VF to that of a GH. This research gap is particularly relevant to Canada, as it is uniquely positioned to be a leader in the VF market. Below, we report the results of a detailed simulation of the profitability of growing lettuce in a VF and in a GH located near Quebec City. Surprisingly, we find that the costs to both equip and run the two facilities are very similar, while the gross profit is slightly higher for the VF.