跨国公司后向技术溢出问题的研究综述

近年来,随着外商直接投资的规模日益扩大,跨国公司通过后向关联途径对东道国产生的技术溢出效应越来越受到学者的关注。为了能为今后的深入研究提供借鉴,文章首先从后向技术溢出的内涵及途径两方面对现有的理论研究进行了文献梳理;然后,分别对后向技术溢出的正向效应和非正向效应的实证研究结论进行了归纳,发现大多数学者的研究都支持正的后向技术溢出效应;最后,从东道国和跨国公司两个层面,将国内外学者关于跨国公司后向技术溢出效应影响因素的研究进行了总结,认为技术差距、行业开放水平、投资动机、技术吸收能力以及外资集聚程度都对跨国公司的后向技术溢出效应产生影响。     

跨国公司垂直技术转移、后向关联与东道国产业的发展

跨国公司进入东道国通过两种重要途径影响东道国产业发展:一是技术转移;二是产生后向关联效应。而现有文献很少将二者放在一起研究,本文则试图通过建立东道国上下游产业的古诺竞争均衡模型,分析垂直技术转移与后向关联效应之间的关系、并讨论跨国公司垂直技术转移方式的决定条件及其对东道国上下游产业发展的不同影响。     

FDI优化我国服务业结构机理分析

本文讨论了外商直接投资对东道国的资本效应、技术进步效应、竞争效应及产业关联效应等经济效应,基于FDI的东道国经济效应角度,探讨了FDI对东道国服务业结构的优化机理及其路径。     

产业关联、技术差距与外商直接投资的技术溢出

本文运用非均衡面板数据的广义矩估计,从产业关联和技术差距的角度考察了外商直接投资对中国纺织业的技术溢出效应.经验分析结论表明,外商直接投资主要通过水平关联和后向关联对纺织业内资企业产生溢出效应;外商直接投资是否通过水平关联促进内资企业生产效率的改善还取决于内外资企业间的技术差距,只有当内外资企业技术差距小于门限值时,外...     

汇率变化如何影响外商直接投资

本文从跨国公司投资行为的微观分析出发,通过构建理论分析模型探讨了汇率变化、预期经济增长率以及预期工资增长率等因素对外商直接投资规模和外商直接投资结构的影响。本文的研究结果表明,东道国货币升值具有减少资源导向型外商直接投资和增加市场导向型外商直接投资的作用,而汇率波动性的增加尽管会导致外商直接投资规模下降,但对外商直接投资结构不产生影响;东道国货币升值会导致资源导向型直接投资项目资本密集度增加和市场导向型直接投资项目资本密集度降低。     

行业增长性、技术投资博弈与跨国公司直接投资技术外溢

跨国公司直接投资对发展中东道国技术发展的影响如何?大多数研究停留在总体正负外溢效应的争论上,很少有学者关注东道国的行业增长性和企业技术投资对跨国公司直接投资技术外溢的影响。本文引入行业增长性,拓展Wang与Blomstrom的国际技术转移模型,构建了跨国公司技术转移与东道国企业技术学习的博弈框架,重点研究行业增长性对企业技术行为与技术外溢的影响,更全面地探讨跨国公司直接投资技术外溢机制。     

外商直接投资的吸收能力：理论及中国的实证研究

本文主要探讨外商直接投资对东道国经济增长的作用传导机制。本文首先对近年来外商直接投资的技术外溢效应及东道国对FDI吸收能力的国内外研究进展做了回顾。同时，对中国外商直接投资吸收能力的实证检验结果表明，在影响我国外商直接投资的众多因素中，人力资本存量起到至关重要的作用。     

合资企业:跨国公司产业带动的一个途径——跨国公司投资浦东新区的案例分析

<正> 合资企业是跨国公司对发展中东道国直接投资的最重要的一种方式.在中国,合资企业在全部外国直接投资项目中的比重一直在50%以上.在上海浦东,截止1996年2月,在53家跨国公司直接投资的制造业企业中,有48家是合资企业,其比重达90.6%.因此,有必要对这一跨公司的重要投资方式加以详细研究.更为重要的是,合资企业又是实现跨国公司对发展中东道国产业带动的一个重要途径.跨国公司直接投资对东道国的产业带动途径有三:一是跨国公司投资企业的产值直接纳入当地总产值,增加该行业的总产出,从而在数量上直接改变当地的产业结构;第二,跨国公司投资企业通过前向、后向连动作用,     

外商直接投资与东道国经济增长——基于模仿与创新的研究

本文分析外商直接投资对东道国经济增长及其方式的影响.通过赋予这些国家的企业选择模仿或者创新的自由,打破传统技术扩散模型中技术落后国只能进行被动模仿的假设.研究发现:外商直接投资能够从技术扩散效应、资本效应以及资源竞争效应3个方面影响东道国的经济增长速度,通常情况下,积极的技术扩散效应和资本效应超过资源竞争效应,使外商直...     

外商直接投资对就业的影响机制研究

投资是拉动一国国民经济发展的三驾马车之一,而外商直接投资是投资的重要组成部分。随着我国改革开放的不断深入,我国吸引外商直接投资的总额不断扩大。随着外商直接投资的增加,外商直接投资对我国就业的影响越来越大。文章主要对外资影响就业的机制展开分析,分别从劳动需求效应、资本积累效应、产业关联效应、人力资本提升与技术溢出效应、制度变迁效应、经济增长效应六大机制分析外商直接投资对就业的影响。     

基于后向关联分析的FDI技术溢出效应研究

本文基于后向关联的角度对外资在我国的技术溢出效应作出分析。通过建立FDI和对我国后向关联溢出效应关系的回归模型,选择我国工业行业中最容易产生后向关联的23个行业进行实证检验,对影响该溢出效应的制约因素从溢出源、吸收能力两个方面分别进行实证分析。结果表明,这些制约因素对后向关联溢出有着明显作用。这些结果具有重要的政策含义。     

吸收能力和贸易政策对FDI技术溢出的影响分析——基于中国工业部门面板数据的实证研究

FDI的技术溢出不是自发产生的,溢出效应受到东道国国内的政策和经济环境的影响,其中两个重要因素是东道国的吸收能力和贸易政策。本文利用工业部门2005—2008年的数据,实证分析了FDI溢出效应。在考虑了前向联系和后向联系中的直接影响和间接影响情况下,检验了FDI横向溢出和纵向溢出,分析了吸收能力和贸易政策对FDI溢出效应的影响。我国的横向溢出和后向溢出不显著,前向溢出显著;吸收能力和贸易政策对外商在华投资的溢出效应产生不利影响。

Abstract：

FDI spillovers are assumed not to be automatic but are hypothesized as being a function of the domestic policies and economic environment in host countries.Two determinants have been generally recognized,the absorptive capability and the trade policy.This paper examines FDI spillovers using the industrial data during the period 2005—2008.Taking the direct and indi-rect effect into forward and backward linkages,both horizontal and vertical FDI spillovers are examined,and the effect of the absorptive capability and the trade policy on FDI spillovers are analyzed.The results show that the spillovers through horizontal spillovers and backward link-ages are insignificant,while positive spillovers through forward linkages are statistically significant.Absorptive capability and trade policy produce unfavorable effects on FDI spillovers.     

Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China, 1998–2007

As with many developing countries, the Chinese government hopes that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In this paper, we show that foreign investment originating outside of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan has positive effects on individual firm level productivity, while foreign investment from HKMT firms does not. We also test for both horizontal (within the same industry) and vertical (upstream or downstream) linkages from foreign investment. Using a manufacturing firm-level panel for 1998 through 2007, we find zero or weak positive horizontal externalities. However, our results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) has generated positive productivity spillovers to domestic firms via backward linkages (the contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in downstream sectors) as well as forward linkages (between foreign suppliers and their local buyers in the upstream sectors).     

FDI、行业间联系与溢出效应——基于我国制造业行业面板数据的实证分析

本文采用1999～2003年28个制造业行业的面板数据进行实证分析,以期说明制造业行业是否存在外资行业内横向溢出和行业间纵向溢出效应(后向联系和前向联系)。利用动态面板数据的系统广义矩估计方法(SystemGMM),克服了要素投入的内生性问题和前期的生产率冲击后,实证结果表明,对制造业的内资而言,外资的后向联系效应作用明显,说明后向联系确实是外资技术溢出的重要渠道,而行业内溢出效应和前向联系效应表现为不明显的正向影响。     

The role of foreign direct investment in the host-country firm selection process: firm-level evidence from Slovenian manufacturing

This paper examines the role of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in firm selection processes in the Slovenian manufacturing sector in the 1994–2003 period. It adopts the firm dynamics framework that allows testing of selection effects directly by assessing the impact of foreign firms’ activity on the probability of exiting of local firms (crowding out). The results show that intra-industry productivity spillover effects offset only a minor part of the competition pressure which results from foreign firm entry, hence incumbent firms experience a drop in their survival probability upon a foreign firm’s entry within a particular industry. This result is driven by foreign firm entry of the greenfield type, as entry through the acquisition of existing firms has no significant effect. The strength of the crowding-out effect decreases with the incumbent firm’s export propensity. There is no significant evidence that inward FDI would stimulate the selection process through backward linkages in the upstream supplying industries, whereas foreign firms’ activity reduces the exit probability of downstream local customers (through forward linkages).     

FDI的前后向关联和中国制造业企业生产率的提升——基于地理距离的研究

本文采用微观企业面板数据,运用投入产出表构建前后向关联指标,引入基于地理距离的空间权重矩阵,探讨FDI是否通过前后向的关联提升了中国制造业企业的生产率.研究发现,就全国范围看,FDI通过前向关联,提高了我国企业的生产率,但没有通过后向关联对企业生产率有所影响.纳入地理距离因素后,外资的前向关联技术外溢效应仍存在,但数值...     

Human capital,FTAs and foreign direct investment flows into ASEAN

In this paper, we examine the impact of foreign direct investment flows into ASEAN in a gravity model using the bilateral FDI data from 2000 to 2009. In particular, we study the key factors that determine the FDI flows into the region including human capital development and whether membership of a bilateral or regional trade agreement has a differential impact on FDI flows using an extended gravity model. The empirical results indicate that free trade agreements do have positive impact on FDI inflows. However, the returns on FDI inflows depend on the domestic absorptive capacity of the economy and region. It is imperative for ASEAN to align its infrastructure, human capital and technologies to provide MNCs with the necessary linkages to the global network and also to move the domestic industries seamlessly up the global production value-chain. The paper highlights that this is crucial for deeper ASEAN integration and for sustainable growth in the region.     

Costs and Benefits of Export-Oriented Foreign Investment: The Case of China

The costs and benefits of export-oriented FDI have been discussed by Helleiner (1973, 1998), Watanabe (1972), Sharpston (1975), and others. Processed exports generated from FDI have constituted over half of the exports of Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and China. Despite the importance of processed exports, empirical studies of their costs and benefits are difficult due to lack of data, especially on transfer earnings. Data on the division of benefits between the source and host countries are scarce and unreliable. This paper examines the costs and benefits of export-oriented foreign investment for China. China has been highly successful in exporting and in attracting FDI, especially export-oriented FDI from Hong Kong. Since 1993, China has become the second largest recipient of FDI in the world after the US, and Hong Kong has become the world's fourth largest source of FDI after the US, UK, and Germany. China's processed exports are largely re-exported via Hong Kong. As a result, good data on the total value-added of processed exports for Mainland China and for Hong Kong are available. It is found that the rate of value-added for Mainland China is relatively low compare with that for Hong Kong, indicating transfer pricing and absence of linkages in the mainland. This appears to be due to the rigidity of China's economic system which hampers backward and forward linkages. The mainland is thus dependent on Hong Kong for many services in the value-added chain. However, the rate of value-added for China has increased substantially since 1996, indicating an increase in both backward and forward linkages.     

外包还是垂直一体化:供应商融资约束对跨国公司在华采购形式的影响

针对跨国公司在我国主要通过垂直一体化而不是外包获取中间产品的现象,本文将供应商的融资约束引入简化了的Antràs和Helpman(2006)模型,探讨东道国金融发展和供应商融资约束对跨国公司"外包-垂直一体化"决策的影响。模型结论认为,东道国金融发展落后将导致供应商的融资成本上升和中间产品任务投入的不足,从而降低外包条件下跨国公司的利润,因此跨国公司倾向于通过垂直一体化而不是外包的形式获取中间产品,且这种影响随着中间产品复杂度的上升而加强。提升我国的金融发展水平,缓解企业融资约束有助于减少从事低端加工贸易的外国直接投资流入,改善外资产业结构。