农村金融市场四大问题及其演化逻辑

融资困境是影响农村实现效率和公平目标的最大金融瓶颈，需要一个合适的农村金融体系去解除这一瓶颈。但为何已有成熟的城市工商金融体系，不能自然而然地延伸到农村地区，而需要一个单独的农村金融安排呢？笔者认为，原因在于农村金融市场存在四大基本问题：严重的信息不对称、抵押物缺乏、特质性成本与风险、非生产性借贷为主。四大问题的存在，使农村金融市场自然发育状态下出现“市场失灵”和“负外部性”，需要政府介入。但政府介入后，又往往以正式金融制度取代非正式金融制度，进一步恶化农村融资环境，又带来了“政府失灵”。两大“失灵”，使得农村资金的非农化成为常态。若不改变涉农基本制度，缓解两大“失灵”的关键，在于放弃单纯依赖正式金融部门的幻想，构建并运行正式和非正式金融两部门垂直合作型农村金融体系。若要从根本上解决农村融资难题。则需跳出金融去看农村金融问题，突破市场逻辑，改善基本涉农制度。     

Young people's perceptions of the responsibilities of organizations promoting financial capability

Today's changing market environment demands financial capability even from young consumers. This article concentrates on the perceptions of young people on the roles and responsibilities of school, public, private and non‐profit sector actors in promoting financial capability among the young. The qualitative data were collected via focus group discussions among young people aged 15–26 in schools and education institutions across Finland. Educational institutions play an important role in the everyday lives of the young but tend to focus on macro‐finance issues in financial education. Banks are seen as professional actors promoting financial capability to the young, but their activities are recognized as profit driven. Public sector and non‐profit organizations are less familiar to young people as providers of financial information but are considered impartial and reliable. It is apparently difficult for young people to differentiate between the activities of the various parties offering financial advice. They would welcome finance‐related information from several actors and from different perspectives. Financial education and financial matters are only interesting to the young when topical. In order to promote a financial capability among young people, the actors involved should become more proactive and cooperate with each other.     

Getting Cinderella to the ball: putting education at the heart of financial education

The recent banking collapse has called into question all activity related to financial services, from regulation to consumer protection, to financial education. Since the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development's 2005 ‘Recommendations on Principles and Good Practices for Financial Education and Awareness’, there has been an increase in financial education activity, yet the world is a different place. The role of financial education, its scope and its potential, must now be critically analysed to help ensure its efficacy in supporting financial rectitude in challenging times. The authors draw on several years’ experience in the design and delivery of financial education programmes and debt prevention interventions, informed by their perspective as educationalists. In this theoretical commentary, they seek to influence the discourse on financial education, and position education as a foundational discipline in financial education. The authors identify potential risk to the future of financial education, engaging with the literature that questions the validity of financial education as an endeavour in consumer protection, which points to the dearth of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness, and which queries the efficacy of resourcing such initiative development. They argue that financial education focused on consumption cannot serve the citizen; rather, financial education must be rooted in the needs of the individual. Through these analyses, the authors highlight areas of further research, which when undertaken, can lead to more effective outcomes for all. This article introduces the concept of financial edification as an approach to financial education, predicated on the needs of the individual. In repositioning financial education as a pedagogical endeavour, the article asserts that financial education, when not driven by education, cannot achieve its true potential; it is time for Cinderella to go to the ball.     

Financial super-markets: size matters for asset trade

Empirically, demand and market size effects play an important role for international trade in assets and the determination of asset prices. Financial integration decreases the cost of capital, asset prices increase with investors base and market size determines international financial flows. We present a two-country model with an endogenous number of financial assets, where the interaction of a risk diversification motive and market segmentation explains those facts. In our set up, an imperfectly competitive structure of financial markets emerges naturally and provides a new source for home bias in equity holdings. Due to co-ordination failures, the extent of financial market incompleteness is inefficiently high in equilibrium.     

加入WTO金融创新的分析与对策

我国的金融创新已取得一定的成绩 ,但也存在一些不足和问题 ,认识并解决这些问题是关系到金融的深化改革和经济发展的重要课题。随着经济体制改革的深入 ,以金融体制改革为核心的金融创新也逐渐展开。金融制度、金融市场、金融技术和金融工具创新 ,都取得了长足的发展。新世纪我国的金融创新应借鉴国际经验 ,以风险防范为前提 ,以引导与监管为保证 ,以促进经济发展、提高金融效率为目标 ,坚持市场主导、兼顾国际通用性与国情特殊性相结合的原则 ,进行整体把握和科学引导。     

风险态度、金融教育与家庭金融资产选择

文章基于中国城市居民消费金融调查数据,研究了风险态度、金融教育对家庭金融资产选择和家庭金融市场参与的影响。结果发现,风险态度显著影响家庭金融资产组合分散化程度,风险厌恶程度越高,金融资产组合分散化程度越低。风险态度对家庭正规金融市场参与有显著影响,风险厌恶程度的提高会显著降低家庭在股票、基金、债券、储蓄性保险市场的参与概率,风险厌恶程度增加一单位,家庭参与股票市场的可能性会降低10.5%。风险厌恶程度对股票、基金、债券、储蓄性保险资产在家庭金融资产中的比例具有显著的负向影响。家庭的金融教育投入对风险资产持有比重条件分布的影响上,呈先上升后下降趋势,中间分位的要大于两端。文章相应的政策含义是,政府及金融管理部门需要普及金融教育知识,提高居民的金融风险认知水平,从而优化家庭金融资产选择,改善居民金融福利。     

我国吸纳金融创新的时滞效应及其制度因素分析

长期以来,对金融创新在中国金融市场扩散吸收中的时滞效应的认识往往归咎于微观市场主体缺乏吸收能力或竞争所致,而忽略了中国这样的转型经济国家所具有的制度性因素的影响。本文通过分析我国与金融创新国在金融体系、经济体制、经济发展水平、金融相关率、产权制度、市场结构等因素上存在的结构性不均衡,发现异质性金融市场间的结构和金融工具比例的差异性对金融创新扩散可能产生的阻碍机制也是引发我国采纳金融创新扩散中出现时滞现象的重要原因。     

中国金融业技术效率的区域差异研究

中国金融业技术效率存在较为显著的东、中、西部差异,并成为区域金融业发展水平差异性的影响因素。区域经济发展水平或市场发展水平以及区域教育发展水平的差异性是形成中国区域金融业技术效率差异性的基本原因,区域金融业技术效率水平将经历由特定区域引领到逐步趋于均衡的过程。加快区域金融业技术效率的提高应从区域经济发展或市场发展以及教育水平提高等方面进行。     

机构投资者与金融衍生品市场

机构投资者对金融衍生品市场的发展和成熟起关键作用。在分析金融衍生品市场发展现状的基础上 ,对机构投资者参与金融衍生品交易的行为和动因进行了研究。金融衍生品市场演变的一个重要趋势是交易机构的高度集中 ,但机构集中可能是金融衍生品市场区别于其它市场的固有特征。我国发展金融衍生品市场需重视培育机构投资者 ,除了构建适宜的法律环境、采取积极的风险管理人才储备策略外 ,应认识银行在金融衍生品市场中的重要作用     

坚持对外开放加快金融业发展

本文认为,目前我国金融业对外开放政策更加透明,开放步伐更加稳定有序,扩大了金融市场对外开放的范围。在银行业方面,按照承诺开放了外资银行经营人民币业务的地域限制和业务限制,完全取消了外资银行经营外汇业务的地域和客户限制。在证券业方面,不仅严格履行了关于证券业开放的有关承诺,而且在进一步扩大证券市场对外开放方面进行了探索。在保险业方面,地域和业务范围已基本实现全面对外开放。在金融市场方面,积极引进国际金融机构,稳步扩大金融市场对外开放。文章提出,金融业的对外开放给我国金融业带来了先进的金融技术、金融服务方式和金融产品设计理念,加快推动了国内金融全方位的创新进程,一是促进国内金融组织体系的创新;二是促进金融产品创新,丰富投资人选择;三是促进金融交易工具和方式创新,深化了金融市场功能;四是促进外汇市场产品和交易创新;五是促进金融服务理念和手段的创新。     

Does Sustainability Investment Provide Adaptive Resilience to Ethical Investors? Evidence from Spain

Although sustainable and responsible investment (SRI) has quite recently become a hot research topic, scarcely any systematic research has been paid to the performance of this non-conventional approach to investment during the financial crisis that emerged in mid-2008 when the resilience of the financial markets was sorely tested. Such real-world resilience in practice is the subject of the current research which tests whether environmental, social and governance screens provides ethical investors with adaptive resilience in bull and bear market conditions by focussing on the SRI equity index of one of the most active markets in Europe in terms of ethical investment, the FTSE4Good-Ibex in Spain. Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (M-GARCH) analysis indicates that ethical investors in the equity market examined with evidence that greater resilience in severe business cycle shocks could be attributable to SRI by companies. Although limited to a single country study, the results have implications for investors seeking resilience in crisis: when individual values and beliefs towards sustainability tie with personal investment strategy, the end result is adaptive financial resilience, social well-being and environmental defence.     

缘起于金融危机的公允价值会计争论之探——兼以金融机构的视角

此次全球金融危机引起的对公允价值会计的强烈争论对公允价值来说是一个挑战,其关乎到公允价值能否继续使用及推广。回顾已有的研究对公允价值的理解,可以看出公允价值会计的许多争论是源于对公允价值的概念及其目的的混淆。在金融危机发生的情况下,对盯市会计①存在的问题的关注可以理解,但是会计准则中规定的所用的公允价值会计并不只是由盯市会计方法确定,将这种关注同样施加给公允价值会计是否合理,还有待于实证检验。虽然公允价值会计与金融危机的关系并不清楚,可公允价值会计在实施中存在的问题也是导致争论的因素。分析银行等金融机构对公允价值会计的态度,可以从另一个角度给出对公允价值会计争论的理解。     

Consumer financial education and financial capability

The purpose of this study was to explore potential effects of financial education on the financial capability of American consumers. Data from the 2012 National Financial Capability Study were used to test the hypothesis that financial education is positively associated with financial capability. Four financial literacy and behaviour variables were used to form a financial capability index. Multivariate linear regression results showed that, after controlling for demographic and financial variables, respondents who ever received financial education had higher scores in all financial capability indicators (objective financial literacy, subjective financial literacy, desirable financial behaviour, perceived financial capability and the financial capability index). In addition, high school, college and workplace financial education variables showed positive associations with these financial capability indicators. Additional state comparison analyses provided evidence suggesting high school financial education may have direct impacts and spillover effects on consumer financial capability.     

中国农村非正规金融的根源与管制政策研究

中国农村非正规金融的根源在于人们的需求,它不仅对中国农村社会文化具有很强的嵌入性,而且与农村社会秩序具有很好的匹配性。因此农村非正规金融具有极强的自生能力和可持续性。结论的政策涵义是：压制、取缔非正规金融的行为不可取,强制性地将非正规金融正规化的行为同样不可取,正确的做法应是放松管制,引导正规金融与非正规金融的联接,促成农村一体化金融市场的形成。     

金融市场服务特征的营销学研究

金融市场的服务特征主要包括金融服务的特征、金融服务企业的服务特征、金融服务的顾客特征和金融服务市场的供求关系特征。我国现实金融市场正在由卖方市场向买方市场过渡,一些主要市场结构部分已呈买方市场特征,但金融服务企业界和金融理论界还是卖方思维和卖方经营理念,中国金融市场的营销理念与营销存在着非战略性、战术性、片断性缺陷。中国金融体制和机制的改革必须与金融服务企业营销的竞争能力、盈利能力进行有机整合和配套。     

制度变迁视域下的农村义务教育财政监督研究

国家对农村义务教育的财政投入,有力推动了农村地区义务教育事业的快速发展。而如何对农村义务教育财政进行有效的监督,以保证有限的资源发挥出最大的效益,是当前亟待解决的问题。从制度变迁的视角,对义务教育财政监督体制的发展历史做了回顾。农村义务教育财政监督方面还存在一些问题,如义务教育财政监督机制不健全,义务教育财政监督存在滞后性和被动性,义务教育财政监督的方式单一以及对违法违纪制裁无力,因此,应对义务教育财政进行全程监督,引导公众舆论监督农村义务教育财政,义务教育内部财政监督主体也应成为被监督的对象,完善对义务教育财政违法的惩罚机制。     

Financial capability of student loan holders who are college students,graduates, or dropouts

Effective consumer financial education provides relevant information to meet special needs of targeted audiences. The purpose of this study is to examine differences in financial capability among student loan holders who are college students, graduates, and dropouts. Using data from the 2015 U.S. National Financial Capability Study, the results show that student loan holders who have completed their education program have higher scores in all financial capability indicators than college students and dropouts. Further analyses show differences in specific financial knowledge items among college students, graduates, and dropouts. In addition, college graduates are more likely to perform several specific desirable financial behaviors than college students and dropouts. The findings suggest that financial educators should emphasize action taking when they provide financial education for student loan holders who are college students and dropouts.     

桑弘羊理财思想的当代意义

西汉时期桑弘羊参与并主持了诸如盐铁酒专营、均输、平准和统一铸币权等重大财经政策的制订和实施,这些改革政策起到了既增加中央政府财力又加强了中央集权统治的作用。如今借鉴桑弘羊的财政政策和理财思想,得出以下启示：政府增加国家财政收入的目的是为了减轻百姓负担,提高人民生活水平,关系国计民生的重要物质资料必须由国家掌握,财政政策、货币政策与市场机制相互协调,要正确把握农工商业三者对立统一的辩证关系,要充分培育并扩展市场,特别是要培育农村市场和拓展国际市场以服务于社会主义市场经济。     

衍生金融市场监管的理论发展与国际实践——兼论中国的选择

衍生金融市场在现代金融体系中的重要性和其独特的风险性,给金融监管带来了巨大的挑战,也给中国金融市场的改革提出了难题。事实上,关于衍生金融市场的监管思想和理念由来已久,相关理论也在近二十年中有了突破性的发展。更为引人注目的是,欧美发达国家对衍生金融市场的监管实践取得了很多成功经验,这对我国通过立法、制度创新和广泛合作构建多层次的衍生金融市场联合监管体系有很大的借鉴意义。     

系统性金融风险的度量及其时变经济效应研究

基于TVP-SV-SVAR模型，分析六个不同金融子市场风险对实体经济的实时冲击效应，结合时变脉冲响应方法构建了动态权重系统性金融风险综合指数，并区分高低风险状态探讨其对实体经济的影响。结果表明，银行部门、股票市场和外部金融市场对系统性金融风险的贡献较大；基于对实体经济冲击视角的动态权重系统性金融风险综合指数与样本期内实际金融经济事件的发展趋势一致；不同状态下系统性金融风险对经济增长的冲击效应不同：短期来看，高风险点系统性金融风险抑制经济增长，低风险点系统性金融风险促进经济增长；长期来看，系统性金融风险在高低状态下对经济增长均有负向冲击效应。研究结论对于防范和化解系统性金融风险的宏观审慎政策制定具有重要的参考意义。