我国养老保险制度改革

养老保险是国家为保障劳动者离休、退休后的基本生活而提供物质帮助的一种社会保险制度。养老保险由于适用人数多,基金数额庞大,因而构成了社会保险制度中的核心组成部分。中国的养老保险制度经历了几十年的发展,对保持中国的经济与社会的稳定做出了巨大贡献。但是现行的养老保险制度存在一定程度的缺陷,使得改革当前的养老保险制度显得尤为迫切。一、我国养老保险制度改革的历史回顾我国养老保险制度建立于建国初期,迄今已有53年的历史。根据不同时期养老保险制度的目标和内容,可以将我国养老保险制度的发展分为三个历史阶段。(一)中国养老…     

我国新型农村社会养老保险制度的现实困境及对策分析

社会养老保险是社会保险制度的重要组成部分。随着我国人口老龄化程度加剧,农村养老问题日益凸显,完善农村社会养老保险制度是亟待解决的问题。梳理分析我国新型农村社会养老保险制度的构成和实施现状,针对新农保政策在实施过程中的政策理解不到位、保障水平较低、地区差异性较大等现实问题,提出了相应的对策建议。     

农村社会养老中的政府责任

党的十七大强调要加快建立以农村养老保险制度等为主要内容的农村社会保障制度建设,且<社会保险法(草案)>也规定,我国的社会保险制度应坚持广覆盖、保基本、多层次、可持续的方针,国家逐步建立和完善农村居民基本养老保险制度.然而,目前农村社会养老却存在较多问题,主要原因之一则是政府责任定位不清、发挥作用不力.因此,本文认为,明确政府在农村养老中的责任定位是亟待解决的问题之一.     

智利养老社会保险制度改革及启示

20世纪80年代中期以来,中国对养老社会保险制度进行了一系列改革,把基本养老保险的现收现付基金模式改为部分积累的基金模式,实行社会统筹和个人账户相结合。社会统筹和个人账户相结合的养老社会保险制度,既实现了社会互济,又突出了自我保障,被认为是养老社会保险的制度创新。一、研究智利养老社会保险制度改革的理论及现实意义中国的养老社会保险制度改革在取得成绩的同时,还存在以下两个主要问题尚未解决:其一是在旧制度向新制度转变的过程中转制成本如何补偿;其二是在新制度即部分积累的基金模式下如何实现养老保险基金的保值、增值。对…     

关于我国农民工养老保险问题的思考

农民工养老保险问题是重大的民生问题，是维护社会稳定，构建和谐社会的重要内容。为解决当前我国农民工养老保险面临的困境，在农民工社会保险制度还未完善的情况下，需从加快立法进程、增强执法力度、深化户籍制度改革等几个方面完善农民工养老保险制度的配套措施。     

完善养老保险制度 消除职工顾虑

随着改革的不断深入,江苏农垦基本养老保险制度发生了翻天覆地的变化,农垦职工养老保险已经比较成功地实现了由计划经济下的“企业保险”转变为市场经济下的“社会保险”,从而有力地促进了整个农垦经济体制改革的顺利进行。但从目前养老保险制度运行的现状来看它并不是完美无缺的,随着农垦企业改革改制的进一步深化,基本养老保险制度的运转又面临着新的问题和挑战。 　　一、存在的问题 　　1.覆盖面问题。 根据《劳动法》规定：一切用人单位和劳动者必须依法参加社会保险,缴纳社会保险费。目前,江苏农垦国有单位都参加了基本养老保…     

经济新常态下养老保险的城乡一体化研究——基于江苏省苏州市W区的实证分析

建立城乡统一的社会养老保险制度,是养老保险制度改革与发展的根本目标。经过多年的实践探索,江苏省苏州市W区率先基本建立了全覆盖、多层次的养老保险体系,实现了从覆盖城乡到城乡一体化的历史跨越,为社会保险城乡一体化改革积累了丰富的地方经验。随着经济发展进入新常态阶段,人口老龄化趋势和城市化进程加速,加之全面融入苏州进程的稳步推进,W区养老保险城乡一体化遭遇了一系列结构性瓶颈。因而,如何加大政策统筹力度,推进制度并轨步伐,健全财政投入机制,平衡制度接轨成本,创新多元投资渠道,实现基金保值增值,以及构建多层次保险体系,实现养老保险可持续发展,是养老保险城乡一体化的优化策略。     

我国新型农村基本养老保险制度模式选择与可持续发展机制建设

我国农村社会养老保险基本制度的实施可以追溯至上个世纪80年代末,国家在部分发达的农村地区试点的基础上,1992年由民政部颁布了《县级农村社会养老保险基本方案(试行)》(以下简称“方案”),并决定在全国有条件的地方逐步推广。然而由于一些众所周知的原因,这个“方案”仅试行了7年就举步维艰了。因此,目前理论界普遍认为,我国农村基本养老保险制度都尚未成型,可持续发展无从谈起,或者认为讨论我国农村社会保险制度的可持续发展问题为时尚早。然而,笔者认为,正是因为推行我国农村社会养老保险制度的坎坷曲折,所以更值得从理论上进行可持续发…     

对农九师社会保险基金管理的思考

随着我国劳动和社会保障制度改革的深入，社会保险基金不断增加。近年来，农九师的社会保险基金已发展到了1个多亿，社保基金的不断壮大，对促进改革、支持发展、保持垦区稳定发挥了积极作用。但在社会保险基金管理和使用方面经验不足，存在一定的问题。如参保意识观念淡薄、社会保险覆盖面低、征缴率低、社会保险基金缺乏可靠的收入来源、支出管理不统一、基本养老保险基金入不敷出；     

国外社会养老保险制度模式及启示

社会养老保险是国家和社会根据一定的法律和法规，为保证劳动者在达到国家规定的解除劳动义务的劳动年龄界限或因年老丧失劳动能力，退出劳动岗位后的基本生活需要而建立姝一种社会保险制度。随着现代社会文明的进步与经济的调整发展，全球大多数国家都已实行了社会养老保险制度。由于养老保险的项目在各种各样的社会保险制度中覆盖面最大，所以社会养老保险制度在提高人民生活质量和稳定社会方面起着举足轻重的作用。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.