Equilibrium models with land: A criticism and an alternative

Models of economies either of urban areas or with local public goods often involve the use of a continuum of consumers along with the use of a commodity called land; each consumer generally owns a parcel of land of positive area. The purpose of the present study is to show that such models are internally inconsistent (independent of the other assumptions employed) in that only countably many consumers can own parcels of land of non-zero area if land lies in a Euclidean space. This result applies, in particular, to monocentric city models. Moreover, it is shown that the standard justification for the use of economies with an infinity of agents, that they approximate large economies with a finite number of consumers, does not necessarily apply in the case of economies with land and a continuum of consumers. A model where land is represented by subsets of $\text{R}$² is presented as an alternative.     

An equilibrium existence result for an economy with land

This research uses a different set of assumptions for land than those used in the standard general equilibrium framework. In particular, land is modelled explicitly as a subset of the plane with anything immobile, from flowers and trees to houses, embedded in it. There is a finite number of consumers with preference orderings over land parcels satisfying certain axioms along with endowments of land that partition this subset of the plane. Allowing for recombinations of parcels, the main result demonstrates the existence of prices in L¹ and a partition of land among consumers so that the land market clears.     

西宁市商业用地集约利用微观评价

城市商业用地评价是城市土地集约利用潜力评价的重要组成部分。以西宁市市区2008年建设用地数据为依据,划分城市土地利用类型,选择商业用地的典型宗地,运用综合评价法测算出各宗地的土地利用集约度,并对评价结果进行了分析。结果表明:西宁市商业用地集约利用水平较高。     

土地财政与最优城市规模

土地是有限的,完全依靠土地收入的发展模式是不可持续的。本文主要考察土地财政作为地方政府的一种融资渠道,城市建设用地规模的使用是否与城市人口规模的增加相协调,是否存在过度扩张城市面积促进地区经济发展的现象。为了分析土地出让收入(地租)、公共品供给以及城市规模之间的关系,本文以乔治亨利定理为基础,并引入林达尔均衡条件建立起最优城市人口密度理论模型。采用1999～2009年31个省面板数据对中国城市成本收益模型进行计量分析,结果表明全国26个省低于估算的最优城市人口密度,验证了中国存在城市面积的扩张与人口的增加不协调发展的情况。     

A cobweb model of land-use competition between food and bioenergy crops

We present a model of interacting cobweb markets and apply it to land-use competition between food and bioenergy crops. In our model the markets are interlinked on the supply side by the limited availability of land. Therefore, instabilities are transferred between the markets and we find that bioenergy demand affects food price volatility. The agents in the model have heterogeneous production capacities, representing variation in global land quality. When we allow agents to choose price predictor, we find that a more sophisticated (but costly) predictor is concentrated to some key parcels of land, which enables the system to reduce instability significantly. The system can also be brought closer to a stable state by introducing costs for changing production type, but it may then be shifted away from the optimum situation predicted by the corresponding equilibrium model.     

PLANNING THROUGH EXCLUSIVE DIALOGUE: BASIC LESSONS WE CAN LEARN FROM THE PRIVATE ESTATE

Empirical evidence suggests that private estates where land is managed as a multi-tenant property by a single private company with a continuing interest in the value of that property tend to be better run than estates that are subdivided into multiple parcels of separately managed land with the commons managed via some form of political decision-making. Public policy, particularly in the UK, has hindered the growth of successful multi-tenant private estates.     

On the origins of land use regulations: Theory and evidence from US metro areas

We model residential land use constraints as the outcome of a political economy game between owners of developed and owners of undeveloped land. Land use constraints benefit the former group via increasing property prices but hurt the latter via increasing development costs. In this setting, more desirable locations are more developed and, as a consequence of political economy forces, more regulated. These predictions are consistent with the patterns we uncover at the US metropolitan area level.     

A general equilibrium model with external scale economies in production

A general-equilibrium model of an urban economy is described. The standard residential land use model is extended to include a well-defined production/employment sector. External scale economies occur in the production of the city's export good. The model is designed for the numerical computation of equilibria and optima.     

城市空间结构生态调控研究——以常州生态城市规划为例

城市空间发展应注重"质"的提高,而不应单纯追求"量"的扩张.本文认为生态城市规划建设的核心是城市空间结构生态化和城市功能群生态化,提出了基于自然、社会和经济特征的城市空间生态分区方案和建设导则,构建城市生态网架,优化调整城市空间整体布局以及城市产业和城市人居布局,并运用"三地动态平衡"理论对城市土地资源的开发利用进行时空安排与调控,从而引导城市空间形态的合理演化.     

An Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Land Values in the Adirondack Park

A bstract . This study contributes to our knowledge about the determinants of land values in the Adirondack Park in New York State. Sales data for 1971-1973 are used in the multiple regression analysis. The key variables influencing the price per acre for vacant forest land parcels are accessibility by road, location, adjacency to state land, date of sale, land use classification, size of parcel, site type, topography, and nonlocal buyers.     

Measurement models for linking latent variables and indicators: A review of human resource management research using parcels

This paper first reviews the various measurement model options for linking latent variables to indicators that are available to human resource management (HRM) researchers. A special emphasis is placed on the option of parcels, created by combining subsets of items to form indicators. Next, a review is presented of 27 articles from the major HRM journals that have used parcels, with a focus on conceptual/theoretical and empirical issues. Recommendations for HRM researchers for improved use of parcels are also provided.     

Dynamics of the urban zoning structure: An empirical investigation of zoning change

This study empirically examines the role of land prices in the decision to rezone vacant land from one land use to another. Although the study of zoning and related issues is well documented, this is one of only a handful of studies that directly examines zoning changes. Unlike previous studies that treat zoning as static, acknowledging only that the current allocation of land differs from the market allocation, this study examines if the allocation of land will be reallocated (rezoned) toward a market allocation. The study is unique in that it analyzes zoning changes on an individual property basis and is based on transactions of vacant parcels. The data are drawn from a single municipality, Chicago—Illinois, allowing a uniform definition of zoning classification rather than trying to combine data under multiple zoning authorities.     

Dynamics of the urban zoning structure: An empirical investigation of zoning change

This study empirically examines the role of land prices in the decision to rezone vacant land from one land use to another. Although the study of zoning and related issues is well documented, this is one of only a handful of studies that directly examines zoning changes. Unlike previous studies that treat zoning as static, acknowledging only that the current allocation of land differs from the market allocation, this study examines if the allocation of land will be reallocated (rezoned) toward a market allocation. The study is unique in that it analyzes zoning changes on an individual property basis and is based on transactions of vacant parcels. The data are drawn from a single municipality, Chicago—Illinois, allowing a uniform definition of zoning classification rather than trying to combine data under multiple zoning authorities.     

Leapfrogging, Urban Sprawl, and Growth Management: Phoenix, 1950–2000

Through a case study of Phoenix, Arizona, this paper examines how urban sprawl is linked to opportunities for capital gains. It focuses on "leapfrogging," in which developers skip over properties to obtain land at a lower price further out despite the existence of utilities and other infrastructure that could serve the bypassed parcels. The paper examines patterns of growth since 1950 and planners' efforts to structure that growth. It discusses two programs that addressed consequences of leapfrogging: development impact fees to help pay for infrastructure costs of new development and an Infill Housing Program to encourage residential development on vacant land. It concludes with a brief discussion of the future of growth management in Phoenix.     

A Real‐Assets Model of Economic Crises: Will China Crash in 2015?

Loosely derived from Henry George's theory that land speculation creates boom‐bust cycles, a real‐assets model of economic crises is developed. In this model, land prices play a central role, and three hypothesized mechanisms are proposed by which swings of land prices affect the entire economy: construction on marginal sites, partial displacement of circulating capital by fixed capital investment, and the over‐leveraging of bank assets. The crisis of 2008 is analyzed in these terms along with other examples of sudden economic contractions in U.S. history, recent European experience, and global examples over the past 20 years. Conditions in China in 2014 are examined and shown to indicate a likely recession in that country in 2015 because its banks are over‐leveraged with large‐scale, under‐performing real estate loans. Finally, alternative methods of preventing similar crises in the future are explored.     

Gentrification and Blight: Relationship to Involuntary Displacement

Because homelessness is visible in cities with high levels of gentrification, the media have linked the two phenomena. But the displacement taking place in most American cities is due more to blight than to gentrification. This article examines both sources of displacement and traces them to the same source: land speculation. In declining cities, land speculation causes parcels to be held vacant in prime locations, leading to disinvestment and an inadequate supply of affordable commercial and residential buildings. In cities with booming economies, land speculation leads to redevelopment of entire neighborhoods where land appreciates in value due to new commercial or residential demand. The solution to gentrification and blight as sources of displacement is to increase land value return and recycling to stabilize urban economies and avoid the boom-bust cycles that are so detrimental to cities.     

精明增长策略在我国农村居民点整理中的应用初探

精明增长策略是20世纪90年代末开始于美国规划界的新理念。精明增长策略的本质是强调在加强土地节约集约利用的基础上控制城市扩张、保护生态环境、服务于经济发展、促进城乡协调发展和人们生活质量提高的紧凑式城市规划发展模式。目前在西方发达国家,"精明增长"理论已较广泛应用于指导城市规划设计方面。其实"精明增长"理论同样也非常适用于指导耕地资源极为有限、稀缺的我国农村居民点整理,但有关运用"精明增长"理论指导土地整理方面的报道却还极为少见。为此本文拟通过分析精明增长的内涵和原则,结合农村居民点整理中实际存在问题分析,浅析了"精明增长"理论在农村居民点整理中的具体应用探讨。     

Optimal city size,land tenure and the economic theory of clubs

In this paper, a connection is made between urban population size in the presence of increasing returns to scale, and the economic theory of clubs. It is shown that under certain conditions, the optimal size of the population is finite and that collective action are transferable concepts from the theory of clubs. The model is also solved in a closed format, i.e., including rent payments as part of total income, under two redistribution schemes. It is shown that the optimal size of the population is independent of the mode of ownership of the urban residential land, when the transportation cost function is linear.     

基于WebGIS的基准房价信息发布系统设计

基准房价是指以宗地为单位、同种用地类型的房地产单位面积的市场特征价格，构建基准房价的目的在于全面、及时、定量、准确地披露房地产价格体系。基准房价的研究可以为政府制定政策性住房售价、租金标准、征地拆迁补偿标准、房地产税费征收等提供参考依据，同时也可以为普通民众的房地产消费提供价格指导。鉴于基准房价研究的重要意义，在总结国内外基准房价概念、内涵、特点及其信息发布相关理论和技术现状的基础上，设计实现了一个基于WebGIS技术基准房价信息发布系统，经过试运行，用户可以通过该系统快速准确地查询研究区域内的基准房价及其相对应的空间信息。     

An Empirical Model of Land Use Change in China

The aim of this paper is to develop an empirical model of land use change that integrates the growth of regional economy and land use change in a developing country such as China. The concept of ecological growth in terms of regional resources and population is introduced to make an empirical model of land use changes. It is shown that the model might be an efficient tool to analyze and predict regional land use change, and that the policies based on it can play an important role in land use change in China.