Household spending patterns and flow of ecotourism income into communities around Liwonde National Park,Malawi

Rural Malawi is largely characterised by high levels of poverty, unemployment and high population densities. It is also seen as the ‘warm heart of Africa’, which, together with its abundant natural resources, makes it an excellent destination for international ecotourists. This paper looks at the impact of ecotourism employment on poverty reduction and the flow of ecotourism income into the villages adjacent to Liwonde National Park. Extensive questionnaire surveys were conducted with staff employed in ecotourism as well as with rural households in the villages adjacent to the Park. Comparisons of household income and social welfare highlight the important role of ecotourism employment in lifting people in these rural villages above the poverty line. Household spending patterns illustrate the flow of income from ecotourism into the local economy and the important impact of this on local socio-economic development. Suggestions for increasing local multiplier effects of ecotourism are put forward.     

浙江下渚湖湿地生态旅游开发策略探讨

生态旅游是湿地旅游的发展方向。下渚湖湿地生态旅游资源丰富,具备湿地生态旅游的良好基础。但下渚湖湿地生态旅游开发存在的一些问题,影响了湿地生态旅游的发展。下渚湖湿地生态旅游必须以可持续发展为指导,制订科学旅游规划,进行开发项目环境影响评价,完善生态旅游配套服务设施,提高公众生态意识,开发特色旅游产品和制定社区参与保障机制等,推动下渚湖湿地生态旅游健康发展。     

城市生态旅游可持续发展策略研究——以深圳市宝安区石岩街道为例

城市生态旅游对于保护城市环境,满足居民休闲、娱乐需求以及促进地方经济发展具有的重要意义。在规范城市生态旅游概念的基础上,文章总结了城市生态旅游的特点。同时,为实现城市生态旅游的可持续发展,文章提出了地方经济、环境与生态旅游的协调发展理念。并根据深圳市宝安区石岩街道发展生态旅游的优势和劣势,提出了一系列的生态旅游发展策略。     

农村经济的新亮点：生态农业与农业生态旅游的互动

本文以广西恭城瑶族自治县生态农业与农业生态旅游相结合的实践案例的研究分析,我们可从中获得启示:生态农业的建设是对农业生态旅游资源的创新构筑,农业生态旅游理念影响着生态农业村落的社区建设,农业生态旅游节事活动的策划有效地促进了生态农业经济效益的回收,生态农业与农业生态旅游的结合存在新的创收增长点。     

安徽省五河沱湖湿地自然保护区生态旅游开发探讨

本文介绍了沱湖湿地自然保护区生态旅游资源概况,分析了沱湖开展生态旅游的必要性和可行性,提出了生态旅游开发必须遵循的原则。在此基础上根据沱湖自然保护区的现状对保护区生态旅游开发提出一些对策与建议,特别提出了保护区发展生态旅游可重点开展的旅游项目及线路。     

环境主导型生态旅游发展对策研究——以宜昌大老岭国家森林公园为例

生态旅游是在世界旅游业对人类社会的影响引起广泛重视、人类社会对环境质量普遍重视和颇为成熟的旅游市场对特种兴趣旅游更感兴趣的三大背景下产生的,是旅游的高级形式。我国生态旅游目的地主要分布在森林公园、自然保护区、国家地质公园和国家矿山公园等地。在开发过程中,有些企业将"生态旅游"当作一种低成本开发旅游资源的发展模式,失去了其保护生态环境的宗旨。通过实地勘探与考察,结合相关研究,本文以一个新兴的森林公园为例探讨其生态旅游可持续发展的科学对策。     

生态旅游与当地经济发展研究

生态旅游的快速发展促进了当地的经济发展,同时,当地经济的发展也对生态环境造成了负面影响,为了追求经济利益的最大化,往往以生态为代价。针对存在的部分问题,提出了一些针对性建议,以期生态旅游健康、持续发展,也希望生态旅游成为促进当地经济发展的力量。     

高黎贡山生态旅游管理存在问题及对策研究——以百花岭景区为例

对高黎贡山国家级自然保护区百花岭的生态旅游的建设管理应严格按照生态旅游规划的要求进行开发;理顺管理机制,加大管理力度;强化对生态意识的宣传与培训,促进公众可持续发展意识的提升;探索有效的社区参与生态旅游的机制。     

我国生态旅游发展中的目标预期背离现象治理

我国生态旅游在迅速发展的同时，呈现出的问题日益增加。最为突出的是其发展实践与发展的理论目标背离，偏离、远离了生态旅游的设计预期，造成了资源配置的低效。对我国生态旅游发展中的目标背离的纠正依赖：加强开发管理，即加强规划、开发的制度设计，满足环保、基础设施建设要求；加强现场管理，控制环境容量和游客非生态行为；设计特色生态旅游产品；实施生态旅游产品标签认证；为社区居民增加参与机会，提高参与能力，提供更多的参与途径。     

基于共生理论的西部生态旅游可持续发展研究

实现生态旅游的可持续发展,对于生态环境脆弱地区,尤其是西部地区发展旅游业具有深远的战略意义。本文运用共生理论,构建了生态旅游共生系统结构,强调生态旅游可持续发展的关键是要确保系统向对称性互惠共生方向进化,并在此基础上提出了生态旅游系统共生进化的政策建议。     

基于共生理论的生态旅游可持续发展量化评价研究

评价生态旅游的可持续发展状态对于生态旅游管理具有重要意义。本文运用共生理论,采用主观量化指标评价生态旅游共生系统各共生单元之间的关系及共生进化的程度,为生态旅游管理提供了一种政策工具。     

关于构建我国生态旅游立法体系的总体思考

近年来,我国生态旅游开发广泛,2009年是我国的生态旅游年,生态旅游是我国旅游业发展的方向,但是不合理的开发使我国的生态旅游资源遭到严重破坏。面对方兴未艾的生态旅游市场．我国缺乏相应的立法规制和立法衔接。因此,尽快形成生态旅游法律体系,使生态旅游的发展有法可依,才能确保我国生态旅游业的可持续发展。文章对构建我国生态旅游立法体系作了总体思考,主要包括：构建我国生态旅游立法体系的必要性、我国生态旅游立法体系的整体框架以及我国生态旅游立法体系的主要内容。     

生态旅游：农业文化遗产地保护与开发的制衡——以浙江青田“稻鱼共生”全球重要农业文化遗产为例

农业文化遗产是一种新的世界遗产类型。文章首先讨论了农业文化遗产地保护与发展的三个方面的矛盾；指出生态旅游是打开农业文化遗产地保护与发展困境的钥匙，并具体分析了生态旅游对农业文化遗产地经济发展和遗产保护双重作用的机制；最后，从生态旅游规划、遗产保护监测体系建设、社区共建及法制建设管理四个方面对农业文化遗产地生态旅游发展提出了建议。     

对云南生态旅游发展的思考

针对云南生态旅游的发展现状和存在问题,今后的发展方向应确立为：顺应国际生态旅游发展潮流,发展云南特色国际生态旅游;逐步调整游客结构,招揽高素质游客;推出一批有吸引力的生态旅游精品;加强生态旅游资源和环境的保护与管理;加强环境教育和环保宣传的力度。     

试论广州市生态旅游业的发展与规划方向

文章指出,生态旅游与生态环境紧密相关,发展生态旅游必须提倡可持续发展的思路。广州市是珠三角经济圈的核心城市,开发符合市场需求的中高端生态度假旅游项目潜力巨大。文章提出发展广州市生态旅游业的思路与规划方向,即以北部山区为重点、兼顾东部与南部地区,以整合和发展广州市生态旅游资源。     

Poverty Alleviation and Tropical Forests—What Scope for Synergies?

This paper explores the “state-of-the-art” of the two-way causal links between poverty alleviation and natural tropical forests. Microimpacts of rising poverty can increase or slow forest loss. At the macrolevel, poverty also has an ambiguous effect, but it is probable that higher income stimulates forest loss by raising demand for agricultural land. The second question is what potential forest-led development has to alleviate a country's poverty, in terms of producer benefits, consumer benefits and economy-wide employment. Natural forests widely serve as “safety nets” for the rural poor, but it proves difficult to raise producer benefits significantly. Urban consumer benefits from forest, an important target for pro-poor agricultural innovation, are limited and seldom favor the poor. Absorption of (poor) unskilled labor is low in forestry, which tends to be capital-intensive. Natural forests may thus lack comparative advantage for poverty alleviation. There are few “win–win” synergies between natural forests and national poverty reduction, which may help to explain why the loss of tropical forests is ongoing. This may have important implications for our understanding of “sustainable forest development” and for the design of both conservation and poverty-alleviation strategies.     

Urban Land Policies in Ghana: A Case of the Emperor’s New Clothes?

The paper examines evidence on the reasons for inefficient land management in Ghana. It argues that the perceived custodians of land have consistently acted in their individual interest while successfully using a discourse of ‘communal’ to secure the backing of the colonial and post colonial state. Overall, the state has substantially promoted the interest of private capital. In turn, the ‘public good’ outcomes the current land policies ostensibly seek to achieve have only been modestly achieved. Instead, land policies have had perverse implications for weaker groups such as women and impacted cities negatively.     

社区参与生态旅游开发研究——以湖南水府旅游区为例

以湖南水府旅游区的生态旅游开发为例,在旅游规划编制的基础上,对社区参与生态旅游开发的意义、模式、方法和效果等方面进行了全面的分析。     

Economic Efficiency and Incentives for Change within Namibia's Community Wildlife Use Initiatives

Five community wildlife conservation and utilization initiatives, or conservancies, on communal land in Namibia were appraised to determine economic and financial worth. Conservancies are economically efficient and able to contribute positively to national income and the development process. They also provide a channel for the capture of international donor grants (wildlife non-use values) as income, and generate attractive financial returns for communities. Donor grants are very important catalysts in promoting land use change in conservancies. Ability to generate income from tourism is important. Flexibility and adaptability in design are key factors, ensuring effective rural development and conservation.     

Tourism in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park

The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) is a transboundary protected area that straddles the borders of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The park's development was partly motivated by the ecological objective of re-establishing traditional migratory wildlife routes once fences between the three countries are dismantled. Besides biodiversity conservation benefits, the park may also provide a basis to generate revenue for conservation and local economic development through tourism. This paper describes current state and private sector tourism within the GLTP and planning initiatives that may promote responsible tourism, and describes the achievements by community-based tourism enterprises and public–private partnerships in generating economic, social and environmental benefits. The livelihoods of people living in the park are outlined in relation to government policies on land redistribution, resettlement and options for the future, and progress in biodiversity conservation and responsible nature-based tourism development within the GLTP over the past five years is evaluated.