Land-use changes and policy dimension driving forces in China: Present,trend and future

China has extremely scarce land resources compared to the world average. There is an urgent need for studies of the current situation and the trends in land-use change and assessment of the performance of land policies in China. Assessment of land-use change has long been hindered by a lack of accurate and reliable data. This paper uses the data obtained from the national land surveys of 1996 and land-use change surveys from 1997 to 2008, to analyze changes in land use and the policy dimension driving forces related to the changes, especially cultivated land, forestry land, grassland, as well as developed land. The aim of this analysis will be to derive the physical, social and economical driving forces of those changes to grasp the trends in land-use change and the effects of land policies and to formulate strategies for the protection and sustainable use of agricultural land. The results indicate that, although the overall change in land use was not large, cultivated land was significantly reduced and developed land rapidly increased. A great deal of high quality cultivated land was changed to developed land and low quality cultivated land generated from unused land, which has resulted in a serious threat to food supplies in China. Predictions using the methods of linear extrapolation and a BP neural network indicate that it is impossible to keep to a target of 0.12 billion hectares of cultivated land in the future under the mode of economic development used between 1996 and 2008. The results also indicate that the implementation of the laws and regulations about controlling the developed land and preserving cultivated land had significant effects on changes in land use, especially cultivated land and developed land. The results suggest that the changes in land use are closely related to economic fluctuation and the enaction and implementation of these land policies had a little time lag for cultivated land protection. There is a pressing need for China to use its limited land resources more efficiently and effectively by enacting or re-enforcing the laws and regulations on land resources protection and economic development, not only for its own growing population, but also the world. Therefore, we must formulate strategies for the protection and sustainable use of agricultural land.     

中国旅游景区功能演变与用地分类构想

研究目的:基于中国旅游景区功能演变、用地特征及问题分析,构建旅游景区用地分类体系,以期为旅游景区用地纳入区域土地利用提供理论基础,为旅游景区规划的深度编制提供实践依据。研究方法:通过调研和问卷厘清现状景区用地情况,对比借鉴相关用地分类体系,基于此构建旅游景区用地分类方案。研究结果:分析并阐明了旅游景区的功能演变、用地特征和现状问题,构建了2大类、9中类、28小类的景区用地分类体系,并与《土地利用现状分类》进行衔接。研究结论:建立可衔接且具可操作性的旅游景区用地分类体系,是实现旅游景区健康可持续发展与用地规范化管控的关键。     

Modeling the effects of tourism and land regulation on land-use change in tourist regions: A case study of the Lijiang River Basin in Guilin,China

To a large extent, tourism development triggers an economic boost in certain regions. However, given its complex and dynamic forms of land use, tourism development also causes changes to land-use demands and patterns in tourist regions, which directly and indirectly interfere with local environments. The development of tourist regions must achieve a series of trade-offs to meet sustainability goals. This paper discusses the effects of tourism on land-use change and how land regulation policies integrate tourism development with land use. We employed a system dynamic-cellular automata hybrid model using the Lijiang River Basin as an example to translate tourism-affected land dynamics into spatial distributions and project their likely future changes under various development scenarios. We determined three major outcomes. (1) Tourism development causes a quantitatively increasing demand for construction land. With effective spatial regulations, the expansion of construction land does not necessarily suggest the loss of eco-land; rather, land-use pressures accordingly shift to cropland. Under these circumstances, land regulation policies help to balance land demand and optimize land-use patterns. (2) Tourism development causes a continuous spatial interference with landscapes. Land regulation policies have the positive and active effect of ignoring this interference rather than counteracting it. (3) The strict implementation of land regulation policies does not necessarily improve land-use patterns. Flexible policies achieve a better balanced land-use pattern than a combination of individual strict policies. However, the former cannot reduce as much vulnerability as the latter. Hence, policy assembly represents a trade-off with regards to balancing land demands, and it should vary based on regional land-use patterns and targets.     

工程建设项目临时用地规范化管理初探——以沪宁城际铁路江苏段为例

研究目的:针对中国现行临时用地管理中存在的典型问题,探讨促进耕地保护与土地高效综合利用的临时用地规范化管理措施。研究方法:文献综述法,多因素综合分析法。研究结果:在现行政策制度基础上提出了临时用地规范化管理的可操作性程序,并以沪宁城际铁路江苏段临时用地管理为例进行了案例分析。研究结论:为实现切实保护耕地的国家战略,应重点加强临时用地选址、规划审批、工程施工和复垦利用4个方面控制作用,从工程项目申报、立项、建设、验收的全过程加强用地监督管理。     

矿区土地政策探讨

采掘业在开发资源的同时,必然要占用大量土地。全国范围内矿用土地破坏污染严重,如何处理好矿产资源开发和土地资源保护是当今可持续发展研究的一个重大课题。矿区土地资源规划在一定程度上为矿区土地的可持续利用指明了方向。但是,矿区土地政策中存在着一些深层次的问题,这些问题解决不好,就会陷入以牺牲一种资源为代价来保护另一种资源的怪圈。经系统的分析我国矿区土地政策的现状,提出了现有土地政策存在的一些问题,并在此基础上对矿区土地政策的制定、改革进行了探讨。     

Spatial pattern of arable land-use intensity in China

In recent years, the sustainable utilization of China’s arable land has been confronted with several challenges. The China government has been very strict in arable land protection, and a package of policies and measures have been promulgated. All these endeavors are of great significance for proposing an innovative policy system for sustainable land use in China. However, above stated policies are all designed from the perspective of space control with the purpose of reducing arable land loss or increasing arable land area, few policies have been designed from the perspective of utilization control, namely guide the actual arable land farming in sustainable ways and constraint unreasonable land use behavior such as overuse, rough use, land abandonment. In this paper, we analyze spatial distribution of average land-use intensity (ALUI) at the county-level in Mainland China, which can be used as a significant index for evaluating the rationality of arable land use and providing effective decision-making supporting information for design of regional arable land protection policy. Based on the experimental results, there is still considerable room for yield improvement as the ALUI of ∼73.1 % counties are lower than 0.7 while the 53.60 % counties are lower than 0.6. Furthermore, the ALUI dataset shows significant global spatial autocorrelation characteristic. Boundaries of regions that aggregated by counties with high ALUI are more consistent with that of provincial administrative districts, comparing with that of sub-standard farming system regions. On the other hand, counties with low ALUI are mostly cluster in mountains, hills, or plateaus, where grain yield is mainly limited by regional hydrothermal conditions. In addition, counties with different ALUI status have been divided into six classes, using k-means clustering algorithm. This will facilitate the understanding of appropriate arable land protection and utilization paths for different regions and the rethinking of current support policies on farmland protection.     

江苏省土地利用非均衡性研究

研究目的:探讨1989—2006年期间江苏省土地利用的非均衡性,为国家宏观调控提供参考依据。研究方法:非均衡计量模型。研究结果:研究期内江苏省土地利用的非均衡度表明,建设用地是后期土地利用的主导方面,国家宏观政策对前期调控的效用要优于后期。研究结论:国家调控与地方落实相结合,以实现土地利用的相对均衡。     

城市土地利用碳排放系统动力学仿真研究——以武汉市为例

研究目的:从系统角度分析土地、人口、社会、经济、能源对碳排放的影响作用,并对武汉市2017—2030年不同政策情景下的土地利用碳排放进行模拟,为其低碳发展战略和低碳土地利用规划提供决策依据。研究方法:系统动力学方法。研究结果:(1)建立的城市土地利用碳排放系统动力学模型是有效的;(2)按照目前的发展趋势,武汉市的碳排放总量将保持逐年攀升的趋势;(3)经济的快速发展对武汉市土地利用碳排放量的增加具有显著的影响作用;(4)调整土地利用结构、调整产业结构以及提高能源利用效率都能够有效的减少武汉市土地利用碳排放量,其中调整土地利用结构和调整产业结构的作用效果相对来说更加明显。研究结论:转变经济增长方式、升级产业结构、调整土地利用结构和积极研发先进的低碳科学技术是武汉市低碳发展的重要途径。     

基于PSR框架的徐州市城市土地集约利用评价研究

从城市土地利用的人地关系入手,探讨基于PSR模型的城市土地集约利用指标体系;采用层次分析(AHP)法确定指标权重,选择二次综合函数来评价城市土地的集约利用程度,并进行动态调控;利用所建立的指标体系与模型对徐州市城市土地集约利用状况进行综合评价:徐州市正处于大幅度加强土地集约利用的初期,土地利用状态和环境存在问题,并针对问题提出了建议。     

To populate or preserve? Evolving political-demographic and environmental paradigms in Israeli land-use policy

There has been a recent proliferation of national land-use policies that emphasize protecting open space and ecosystem integrity. However, countries grappling with internal political conflict, or that are engaged in military conflicts with neighboring countries, have priorities that focus on control of land in areas where state sovereignty is perceived to be threatened. These two concerns, political-demographic control and environmental protection, create very different paradigms for how to think about open space policy. The objective of this paper is to consider the impact of competing paradigms in land-use policy formulation and implementation—one that encourages sprawl and the other that encourages compact development and the preservation of open space. We use Israel as a case study where both political demography and environmental land-use paradigms are currently influencing policy and planning. We explore the historical evolution of both land-use paradigms and consider how they are currently competing in the formulation and execution of land-use policy decisions. We consider how these distinct priorities are playing out in current discourse and policy implementation, and characterize the past, current and prospective future physical outcomes of policies on the landscape. Our goal is to alert policy makers and land-use scholars of the subtle and contradictory influence of political-demographic land-use priorities with regard to their potential impact on the successful implementation of environmental policies. The Israeli case study is indicative of a diversity of countries that have a history of political-demographic land-use policies, but have also begun to adopt environmentally motivated policies.     

农村宅基地使用制度改革研究进展及展望

我国农村宅基地使用制度改革政策虽然处于初级的探索阶段,但现有宅基地使用制度改革试点区政策对于探索农村土地使用制度改革具有重大意义。在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,文章首先对国外产权界定、市场交易、治理结构以及居民点建设进行阐释,再从我国宅基地使用制度的变迁、制度障碍及改革着力点、宅基地使用制度改革效果3个方面进行详细的归纳总结。结果发现,当前农村宅基地使用制度改革提升了农民生产效率和生活水平,缓解了宅基地闲置、一户多宅和低效利用等问题,但宅基地使用制度改革仍然以政府主导为主,缺乏考虑农民的利益诉求和保障机制。因此,我国农村宅基地使用制度改革政策还应该针对农民的实际诉求,发挥市场的主导作用,建立完善的农民利益保障机制,谨慎推进改革速度。     

城乡统筹发展与深化土地制度改革——2011年中国土地学会学术年会重要观点集粹

2011年中国土地学会学术年会主要有13个重要观点,包括:利用第二次土地调查采用的遥感影像摸清村庄内部用地结构,农村居民点不断扩张成为我国耕地面积减少的重要原因,注意研究土地利用规划中的不确定性,土地利用规划应与交通规划相协调,公平分配土地增值收益,土地股份合作制有利于农地产权实现公平与效率的统一,地票交易制度是一项公平和效率兼顾的制度,补偿问题是影响农户退出宅基地的重要因素,集体土地上建设公租房与小产权房是不同的概念,我国土地督察制度实际是三种权力监督模式的结合,征地冲突风险评估主体有待完善,"十一五"时期多重因素导致我国土地财政收入大幅增长和加强农户耕地保护法律法规的宣传。     

集体建设用地使用权流转—讲究——个博弈模型的构建

以文献资料和统计数据为基础，全面阐述集体建设用地流转的现状特点，分析引起流转的宏观诱因，并通过构建利益博弈模型，以土地转出者、土地转入者和土地管理者为考察对象，借鉴博弈理论，对各产权主体在集体建设用地使用权流转中的利益博弈过程进行分析，进而论证集体建设用地使用权流转是各方利益博弈的必然结果，为集体建设用地使用权流转的解禁提供一定的理论启示。     

Building new countryside in China: A geographical perspective

The central government of China recently mapped out an important strategy on “building a new countryside” to overall coordinate urban and rural development and gear up national economic growth. This paper analyzes the potential factors influencing the building of a new countryside in China, and provides a critical discussion of the problems and implications concerning carrying out this campaign, from a geographical perspective. To some extent, regional discrepancies, rural poverty, rural land-use issues and the present international environment are four major potential factors. Our analyses indicated that land consolidation, praised highly by the governments, is not a panacea for China's rural land-use issues concerning building a new countryside, and the key problem is how to reemploy the surplus rural labors and resettle the land-loss farmers. More attentions should be paid to caring for farmers’ future livelihoods in the process of implementing the strategy. The regional measures and policies concerning building a new countryside need to take the obvious regional discrepancies both in physical and socio-economic conditions into account. In a World Trade Organization (WTO) membership environment, efficient land use for non-agricultural economic development, to some extent, needs to be a priority in the eastern region instead of blindly conserving land to maintain food security, part task of which can be shifted to the central region and the northeastern region. More preferential policies should be formulated to reverse the rural brain–drain phenomenon. Based on the analyses and the complexity of China's rural problems, the authors argue that building new countryside in China will be an arduous task and a long road, the target of which is hard to achieve successfully in this century.     

土地利用类型变化与生态系统服务价值分析——以赤峰市农牧交错带为例

随着经济的快速发展,土地利用变化频繁,生态问题日益凸显。为了探究土地利用与生态系统的密切联系,为生态建设提供理论依据,以内蒙古赤峰市农牧交错带为研究区,基于1997年、2004年和2011年的三期TM影像数据,运用土地利用动态度分析土地利用类型变化,并参照中国陆地生态系统服务价值的计算方法估算出研究区的生态系统服务价值。结果表明,研究区3期的耕、林、草面积均占土地总面积的90%左右;土地利用类型变化明显,在1997~2011年耕地面积先减少后增加,林地面积一直持续增加,草地面积不断减少;研究区的生态系统服务价值呈增长趋势,草地和林地对生态系统服务价值贡献最大,占总价值的85%左右;各土地利用类型的敏感性指数均小于1,说明研究区生态系统服务价值对所采用的生态服务价值系数缺乏弹性,研究结果具有一定可信度。土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值具有直接影响,科学合理利用土地对生态系统具有重要意义。     

新时期提高土地利用节约集约水平的几点建议

新时期,随着我国人口增加、城市化进程的加快,土地越来越显得稀缺,发展离不开土地,还要占用少量耕地,但我国人多地少,优质耕地更少。因此,为了我们自身的生存和发展,根本的出路在于节约集约利用土地。当前,我国土地利用方面存在着如下问题：用地结构不合理,工业用地较粗放;土地供需矛盾突出;农村土地利用率低;土地利用规划缺乏对土地利用的控制。应采取以下措施促进土地节约集约利用：实行“有保有压、从严从紧”的土地供应政策,多渠道保障土地资源的高效供给;加大农村土地开发整理力度;科学编制土地利用总体规划,推行节约集约用地考核制度和监管制度。     

农地发展权的设定及其在中国农地保护中的运用——基于现行土地产权体系的制度创新

研究目的：基于现行土地产权体系和农地保护政策体系,分析农地发展权的内涵、归属,确定农地发展权的设定方案并探讨其在农地保护中的应用。研究方法：理论分析法与实证分析法。研究结论：当前,在中国引入农地发展权解决土地利用问题的呼声越来越高,在中国土地产权体系现状下农地发展权设定方案的提出及其运用,说明了农地发展权可以作为国家对土地管理进行宏观调控的一个弹性手段,将在土地征用、土地储备、土地规划等土地政策的实施中发挥重要的作用。     

Impact assessment of land use policies: Introduction

This special issue is built around a series of impact assessments of land use policies and sustainable development in developing countries, carried out in the EU-funded project LUPIS (Sixth framework programme, Global Change and Ecosystems, Contract 36955). The project targeted at the development and testing of impact assessment tools of land-use-related policies in seven developing countries: Brazil, India, China, Indonesia, Kenya, Mali and Tunisia. This issue presents the current understanding of ex-ante assessment and includes contributions with comparative work across several countries, and case studies in individual countries, addressing important land-use related concerns.     

中部欠发达地区旅游用地规划研究——以湖北荆门市为例

在总结了中部地区旅游用地特点的基础上,重点从理论上分析了旅游用地规划中的旅游用地供需平衡这一关键问题,文章结合荆门市的实际情况,对荆门市的旅游用地展开研究;为确保规划的长期、有效和可持续发展;指出规划实施的保障措施和需注意的问题。     

国内外土地复垦政策法规比较与借鉴

研究目的：借鉴国外土地复垦政策法规先进经验，为中国修订和完善《土地复垦条例》提出建议。研究方法：文献研究法，理论研究法。研究结果：中国现行的《土地复垦规定》及相关法律法规存在体系不完善、土地复垦责权利归属不明确以及复垦资金来源无保障等问题，无法从法律上、政策上解决实际工作中的难题，导致目前土地复垦工作进展缓慢；而国外土地复垦取得的丰硕成果正是得益于严格的土地复垦法律法规和完善的管理体制。研究结论：结合中国国情，借鉴美国、德国、加拿大、英国等国土地复垦先进经验，从完善法律体系、健全组织机构、建立标准体系、明确复垦资金渠道、建立激励机制和加强宣传教育等方面完善中国土地复垦政策法规。