Do the Forward Sales of Real Estate Stabilize Spot Prices?

We examine the effect of forward sale (pre-sale) activities on the volatility of spot prices in the real estate market. The abundance of pre-sales data and major changes in regulatory control on the pre-sale market during the 90's in Hong Kong allow us to undertake empirical tests using Hong Kong's real estate data. Our results show that the volatility of spot prices increased significantly after forward sales were severely dampened by regulatory control measures introduced in 1994, but decreased again when the measures were partly relaxed in 1998. The results contribute to the long lasting debate on whether the introduction of a futures market reduces the volatility of spot prices. Previous studies were mainly conducted in markets with low transaction costs, notably financial markets. By utilizing the unique regulatory changes in the pre-sale market of Hong Kong, we are able to conduct an experiment on the conditional volatility of spot prices in a high information-cost environment, thereby shedding light on the important role of forward housing contracts in providing price expectation information for spot trading.     

贸易顺差与资产价格:内外经济失衡传导路径的一个检验

本文对一些学者提出的内外经济失衡的关系进行了考证。结果表明外部经济的失衡虽增强了货币供给的内生性,但并不必定导致内部资产价格的高涨。因此在政策选择上,要避免面对外部经济失衡采取一些应对内部经济失衡的政策工具来调节内部经济增长过快问题。同时,出于在经济发展过程中资产价格时间序列发生结构性变化的考虑,政策制定极有必要考虑资产价格因素。     

Bayesian range-based estimation of stochastic volatility models

Alizadeh, Brandt, and Diebold [2002. Journal of Finance 57, 1047–1091] propose estimating stochastic volatility models by quasi-maximum likelihood using data on the daily range of the log asset price process. We suggest a related Bayesian procedure that delivers exact likelihood based inferences. Our approach also incorporates data on the daily return and accommodates a nonzero drift. We illustrate through a Monte Carlo experiment that quasi-maximum likelihood using range data alone is remarkably close to exact likelihood based inferences using both range and return data.     

对国际贸易中补贴与反补贴措施的法律经济学解析

补贴与反补贴措施是WTO协定中规定的促进与保护国际贸易的合法措施.补贴问题在国际贸易纠纷中有时并非单纯的法律问题而受到政治因素和两国贸易关系的影响,以此为基础.通过对补贴和反补贴措施进行经济学分析和法学分析,并结合国际贸易政策和理论的历史发展对补贴问题进行研究.认为补贴与反补贴问题的本质是自由贸易理论与贸易保护主义理论的双重产物.正确认识补贴与反补贴问题的本质是正确适用补贴与反补贴措施,促进国际贸易、保护国内产业的有力的理论保障.     

妥善应对贸易摩擦背景下的稳健财政政策运用

本文从妥善应对贸易摩擦这一角度分析了稳健财政政策的运用问题,并结合近期中央出台的一系列关于宏观调控的财税政策,探讨了相关财税措施的效用与效应。     

竞争政策与贸易政策的协调

在当前国际贸易环境下，竞争政策与贸易政策的协调引起了国际社会的普遍关注，WTO第四次部长会议已经同意将贸易与竞争政策的互动列为新的议题并就这一问题进行谈判。目前建立全球性的统一的竞争规则条件不成熟，现实的选择是，WTO下设的贸易与竞争政策工作组与各国竞争管理机构密切合作，先是在与贸易有关的竞争政策在执行程序方面达成一致，然后再对实质性标准进行协商，同时要从能力建设方面支持发展中国家加强竞争机构，全力考虑发展中成员和最不发达成员参加方的需要以及有关规则的灵活性。     

Conditional Volatility of Equity Real Estate Investment Trust Returns: A Pre- and Post-1993 Comparison

We examine the dynamic behavior of Equity Real Estate Investment Trust (EREIT) volatility in a GARCH context 1972–2006 using monthly EREIT returns, and comparing volatility performance for “early” Equity REITs 1972–1992 with that of “modern” EREITs 1993–2006. Consistent with findings for conventional firms, we find that EREIT conditional volatility is time-varying, persistent, and predictable. There is a positive relationship between expected return and expected risk in EREIT stocks pre-1993, but the relationship disappears after 1993. We find no evidence that negative shocks affect EREIT volatility differently from positive ones in either time period. Different from reported results for conventional firms, we find that changes in the conditional volatility of fundamental macroeconomic variables have strong explanatory value for future changes in EREIT volatility. Finally, comparing EREIT volatility performance with volatility in the Russell 2000 Index, a proxy for small stocks, we find that EREIT volatility behaves differently from that of small stocks in many respects, indicating that risks in the small stock index cannot effectively proxy for risks in the EREIT market.

贸易收支改善的汇率弹性条件与ML条件——兼论人民币汇率传递的贸易收支效应

如果汇率变动不传递给进出口价格,即使马歇尔-勒纳条件成立,汇率变动也不能影响进出口。本文通过将汇率变动对净出口的影响分解为汇率的价格效应和数量效应,在此基础上论证了汇率传递与马歇尔-勒纳条件的关系,重新构造了贸易收支改善的汇率弹性条件。然后用中国2005-2009年分类商品的月度面板数据估计了人民币名义汇率变动对中国各类商品进出口的价格效应、数量效应和贸易收支效应,以便理解近期人民币汇率升值影响中国贸易顺差持续扩大的过程和机制。     

经济全球化背景下如何提升我国的经济竞争力--关于竞争政策和产业政策战略搭配的探讨

随着中国加入WTO和经济全球化趋势的盛行 ,如何应对日益激烈的国际竞争 ,走出世界经济低迷的阴影 ,促成我国实现经济强国的梦想 ,在世界经济格局中占据一席之地 ,已经成为我国经济发展过程中面临的重大问题。本文对经济全球化背景下的竞争政策和产业政策进行了分析和探讨 ,并从两者的战略搭配使用出发 ,阐述了提升中国经济竞争力的几种途径     

Import substitution and economic growth

Despite Latin America's dismal performance between the 1950s and 1980s, the region experienced strong capital deepening. We suggest that these facts can be explained as a consequence of the restrictive trade regime adopted at that time. Our framework is based on a dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model, with scale economies in the capital-intensive sector. Initially, the economy is open and produces only the labor-intensive good. The trade regime is modeled as a move to a closed economy. The model produces results consistent with the Latin American experience. Specifically, a sufficiently small country experiences no long-run income growth, but an increase in capital.     

美元影响油价的国际货币职能视角

本文发现美元对油价的影响在2001年前不明显,2001年后明显增强。针对这种现象,我们重新考察了美元对油价的影响机制。认为美元主要通过其在国际上承担的三种职能来影响油价,其中计价与价值储存效应为负,结算效应为正;2001年以前,价值储存效应比较弱,计价与结算两者效应一负一正倾向于相互抵消;而2001以后,价值储存效应明显加大,三种效应两负一正,美元对油价的负面影响显著提高。另外,分析表明中国因素不重要。     

不同的政策不确定性对股市波动影响相同吗?

本文基于多因子混频波动率模型,研究经济政策不确定性对股市行业波动的影响,为预防出现结构性断点,将样本分为经济增长和经济平稳两个时期,分别探讨两个时期内经济政策不确定性对股市波动的影响。研究发现,在全样本时期货币政策不确定性会显著增强行业波动,贸易和外汇政策不确定性会抑制行业波动,而财政政策不确定性的影响存在行业差异性;子样本结果显示,贸易政策不确定性对行业波动的影响存在非对称性,在经济增长期存在助推作用,在经济平稳期存在抑制作用;同时行业波动在经济增长期对贸易政策反应敏感,在经济平稳期对财政政策反应敏感。     

An Empirical Study of Volatility in Seven Southeast Asian Stock Markets Using ARV Models

This paper investigates the volatility persistence, volatility variability from day to day and transmission of volatility in seven Southeast Asian stock markets from 1980 to 1991 using the ARV approach. We found strong evidence that shocks to volatility are persistent in Taiwan. Moreover, the Stock Exchange of Thailand Daily Index has the strongest interday volatility fluctuation. Instantaneous causality of volatility among six of the seven markets (except Seoul) was discovered. Besides, there is significant volatility spillover effect from Hong Kong to Taiwan, Malaysia to Singapore and Singapore to Malaysia in the period 1980 to 1991.     

货币政策对中国股市连续性波动和跳跃性波动的影响研究

股票价格包括连续和跳跃两个部分,本文基于股市高频数据将中国股市的已实现波动分解为连续性波动和跳跃性波动,通过建立多元线性回归模型和Tobit模型,研究了存款准备金政策和利率政策对不同类型股市波动的影响。研究表明,存款准备金率调整的信息发布对连续性波动没有显著影响,但对跳跃性波动存在显著的影响;存款准备金率的实际调整对连续性波动、跳跃性波动均存在显著影响,但跳跃性波动更多地受到了信息发布时的影响;利率政策的调整对连续性波动和跳跃性波动存在显著影响,中国股市对利率政策变化提前作出反应。     

The dynamic effects of monetary policy: A structural factor model approach

A structural factor model for 112 US monthly macroeconomic series is used to study the effects of monetary policy. Monetary policy shocks are identified using a standard recursive scheme, in which the impact effects on both industrial production and prices are zero. The main findings are the following. First, the maximal effect on bilateral real exchange rates is observed on impact, so that the “delayed overshooting” puzzle disappears. Second, after a contractionary shock prices fall at all horizons, so that the price puzzle is not there. Finally, monetary policy has a sizable effect on both real and nominal variables.