国际农产品贸易自由化的利益研究

在WTO农业协议约束之下实现全球范围内的农产品贸易自由化,会给绝大多数国家带来不同程度的贸易利益,这些利益包括政治利益和经济利益。经济利益又包括静态比较利益和动态比较利益。一个参与贸易的国家或地区集团如何能够从农产品贸易自由化中获得利益,发达国家和发展中国家各自获取利益的途径及利益的大小,是WTO各成员国在乌拉圭回合谈判中矛盾的焦点,也是新一轮WTO谈判中矛盾和争执的焦点。     

聚焦在市场准入--WTO航空运输服务贸易自由化进程及特点

WTO前身GATT一直将服务贸易排除在其管理范围之外,乌拉圭回合第一次将服务贸易纳入多边贸易谈判中,并最终达成《服务贸易总协定》（GATS）,《服务贸易总协定》是乌拉圭回合的重大成果,它大大扩展了多边贸易体制的范围,将服务贸易纳入多边贸易体制的框架内,为各成员方影响服务业的政策制订了规则和纪律。     

浅析GATS对中国旅游服务贸易发展的影响

“乌拉圭回合”谈判诞生的《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)是自世贸组织前身——关贸总协定成立以来在世界贸易自由化方面的重大突破，而世界旅游服务贸易是世界服务贸易的重要组成部分，在关贸总协定1986年开始的乌拉圭回合谈判中就被纳入了谈判议题。目前旅游业已发展成世界第一大产业，我国旅游服务贸易经过20多年的发展也成为我国创汇型的支柱产     

乌拉圭回合农业协议：对中国粮食进出口贸易的影响

乌拉圭回合谈判达成的农业协议已于1995年1月1日开始正式生效。该农业协议内容广泛,对世界农产品贸易产生了深刻的影响。而中国作为一个农业大国,粮食贸易必然也会受到较大的影响。 农业协议的主要内容 乌拉圭回合农业协议以推动农产品贸易自由化为主旨,主要表现为:     

略漫漫其修远从WTO新一轮农业谈判看农产品贸易自由化进程

在GATT／WTO规则框架下，农业一直是非常特殊的部门。乌拉圭回合谈判之前，农产品贸易一直游离于多边贸易规则之外，是货物贸易中最大的例外部门。经过艰苦的谈判，乌拉圭回合达成了以市场准入、国内支持和出口竞争这三大支柱为核心的WTO《农业协定》，使农产品贸易回归多边规则。《农业协定》是WTO协定中最为复杂的协定之一。农业涉及众多议题，细分不下30个。更由于农业问题在各国的政治敏感性，在多边贸易谈判中，农业一直是最为敏感、最为艰难的部门。     

世界农产品贸易的发展趋势

农产品贸易是国际贸易中最敏感和最复杂的问题,是W TO在致力于推动全球贸易自由化进程中最困难的领域,也是各国在多边贸易谈判中争议最多、最难达成共识的贸易问题。乌拉圭回合以来,世界农产品贸易的整体格局和主要国家农产品贸易结构发生了深刻变化,对国际贸易产生了深远影响。通过对世界农产品贸易的发展趋势和结构特征的分析研究,揭示乌拉圭回合以来世界农产品贸易的发展变化趋势和规律,对于我国调整农产品国际贸易战略、采取相应对策措施增强农产品的国际竞争力以确保中国的“粮食安全”具有重要的借鉴意义。一、世界农产品贸易的整体…     

当代农产品贸易保护思考

<正> 二次战后,国际农产品贸易的作用日益增大,结构日益多样化,竞争也日益加剧。与此同时,农产品贸易中的保护主义,特别是发达国家的农产品贸易保护长期盛行。尽管1993年11月原欧共体和美国达成了《布莱尔大厦协议》,乌拉圭回合农业谈判结束,各国都表示要降低农产品关税和开放农产品市场,但是乌拉圭回合农业协议所规定的市场开放度仅为3～5％,也就是说仍然存在相当程度的关税保护和卫生与植物检疫的高标准等保护措施,国际农产品市场的贸易保护主义依然严重。     

关贸总协定与农产品贸易问题

<正> 1986年9月,在乌拉圭埃斯特角城举行的关税及贸易总协定(以下简称总协定)部长级会议上,贸易对手经过激烈争吵,最后总算打破了僵局,同意将农产品贸易这个棘手问题,列入“乌拉圭回合”的谈判日程。农业在许多国家的经济中居重要地位,即便是工业很发达的资本主义国家,出于对未来可能发生的战争中国家安全方面的考     

WTO原则对我国农业的影响

一、WTO 谈判的背景—农产品国际贸易与中国粮食问题1.高价农业必然要求贸易保护我国是在乌拉圭回合的环境下申请加入关贸总协定的。乌拉圭回合原定1990年结束。由于发达家和发展中国家意见分歧过大,谈判经常陷入僵局。原因之一就是美国和欧共体在减少对农产品补贴方面有分歧。发达国家只对10%农业人口进行补贴,就已经产生"高价农业-贸易保护-贸易争端"的连带影响。显然,中国要靠提高农产品价格来补贴70%     

世贸组织与世界贸易自由化展望

<正> 根据“乌拉圭回合”多边贸易谈判达成的协议,从1996年1月1日起,1995年元旦成立的世界贸易组织(WTO)彻底取代关贸总协定,成为全球最大的多边贸易机构,肩负起了推进世界贸易自由化这一未了的使命。     

Timing of trade liberalization

Abstract

This paper studies the effects of trade liberalization on growth and long-run global income inequality using a two-country model of human capital accumulation by credit-constrained households. I show that the timing of trade liberalization is a crucial determinant of its effects on growth. Moreover, I show that the size of the long-run income gap between the two countries depends on the difference in domestic income inequality when they open up to trade. Based on these results, I analyze the effects of redistributive policy within a country. I show that redistribution in one country may increase income per capita of its trading partner if it is undertaken in a steady state, while the opposite is true if the policy is undertaken during transition.     

Investment liberalization and international trade

This paper estimates the cross-price elasticity of exports with respect to investment costs for bilateral relations between 36 countries. We show that the effect of reducing foreign direct investment costs on exports depends on country characteristics and trade costs as predicted by the [Markusen, 1997] and [Markusen, 2002] model. When countries differ in relative factor endowments and trade costs are low, investment liberalization stimulates exports, whereas when countries are similar in terms of relative factor endowments and size, and trade costs are moderate to high, investment liberalization reduces exports.     

The effect of trade liberalization on child labor

The question of how trade liberalization affects the employment of children in developing economies is at the core of the debate on globalization. Trade theory predicts that an increase in the price of an exported good could either increase or decrease child labor depending on the magnitudes of the substitution and income effects. In this paper, we study the relationship between changes in the relative price of an exported commodity and child labor using household-level data from within a poor country. In particular, we relate child labor to regional and intertemporal variation in the real price of rice surrounding national and international rice market integration in Vietnam. We find that higher rice prices are associated with declines in child labor. Income effects play an important role in this relationship. Rice price increases are associated with the largest declines in child labor in households that are large net producers of rice. These findings show that greater market integration can be associated with less child labor. Moreover, our results suggest that the use of punitive trade sanctions on exports from developing countries to eradicate child labor is unlikely to yield the desired outcome.     

Product quality,firm heterogeneity and trade liberalization

This paper develops a framework for studying the general equilibrium effects of endogenous quality upgrading, a new margin of trade, on the welfare impact of trade liberalization. The theoretical model introduces product quality differentiation amongst heterogeneous firms and focuses on supply-side determinants of international trade. Among other results, in general equilibrium, trade liberalization decreases the share of high-quality varieties in exports and the average productivity of exporters. These changes affect average export price in opposite ways. Nevertheless, trade liberalization in the quality-extended model increases consumers’ welfare by more than in the benchmark model.     

Endogenous firm heterogeneity and the dynamics of trade liberalization

In this paper, we build a dynamic model with endogenous firm-level productivity that involves ex ante identical firms behaving differently in equilibrium. Heterogeneity arises in equilibrium as firms choose different dates to adopt a new technology. We investigate the effects of international trade on technological diffusion and show that trade has a generally positive impact on the equilibrium rate of adoption (and hence on firm-level productivity). In addition, the model can replicate the stylized fact that exporters are larger and more productive than non-exporters. Finally, we show how our model can be used to interpret the emerging empirical evidence on the firm-level productivity effects of CUSFTA.     

Good jobs, bad jobs, and trade liberalization

How do labor markets adjust to trade liberalization? Leading models of intraindustry trade (Krugman (1981), Melitz (2003)) assume homogeneous workers and full employment, and thus predict that all workers win from trade liberalization, a conclusion at odds with the public debate. Our paper develops a new model that merges Melitz (2003) with Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984), so also links product market churning to labor market churning. Workers care about their jobs because the model features aggregate unemployment and jobs that pay different wages to identical workers. Simulations show that, for reasonable parameter values, as many as one-fourth of existing “good jobs” (those with above average wage) may be destroyed in a liberalization. This is true even as the model shows minimal impact on aggregate unemployment and quite substantial aggregate gains from trade.     

中日农产品贸易与贸易摩擦分析

中、日建交以来,双边贸易关系越来越密切。但随着两国农产品贸易交流与合作的不断发展,其贸易摩擦也与日俱增,这影响了中日贸易的健康发展。本文从分析中国对日农产品出口贸易的贸易规模、产品结构等入手,得出对日农产品贸易的特点。然后,通过介绍两个重点贸易摩擦事件,分析其原因。     

Trade preferences and political equilibrium associated with trade liberalization

This paper, motivated by the so-called North–South problem in trade, analyzes ex ante trade preferences and the source of potential political conflicts regarding trade liberalization. Developing a dynamic extension of the traditional Heckscher–Ohlin model with imperfect labor mobility and tracking overall dynamic paths from the autarky to free-trade steady states, we demonstrate that in the presence of inter-sectoral migration barrier, bilateral free-trade agreements can be welcomed (opposed) by the majority of workers in a capital-abundant (labor-abundant) country, which is inconsistent with the welfare prediction by Stolper and Samuelson. This paper also proposes a numerical algorithm to solve for the entire transition path of the model under rational expectation. Our simulation experiments further reveal that preannounced and delayed implementation can facilitate a bilateral free-trade agreement by partially neutralizing short-run transitional gains and losses so as to persuade the losers to support the reform without affecting the beneficiaries’ trade preferences.     

How can the crisis of liberalization trade be overcome?

Since the seventies the existing order of international economic relations has been exposed to ever stronger pressures. Access to foreign markets must once again be regarded as a scarce commodity, since the far-reaching removal of tariff barriers has been more than compensated for by non-tariff restrictions.     

Practical general equilibrium estimation of resource pulls under trade liberalization

This paper discusses the application of a model similar to the one developed in Leif Johansen's Multi-sectoral study of economic growth (1964) to the problem of determining general equilibrium responses of the economy to changes in commercial policy. This method amounts essentially to specifying a log-linear approximation to the general equilibrium solution for the economy, and solving the resulting linear equations for changes in endogenous variables as functions of exogenous variable changes. For a 35-sector model of the Chilean economy with labor as the only variable factor of production (to avoid the problem of overdetermination of many commodity price and output shifts when only two factors are considered in constant returns production functions), it is found that (i) the specification of the way in which intermediate inputs enter the production function is numerically important in determining output responses to tariff changes, detracting from the credibility of fixed coefficient effective rate of protection calculations if variable intermediate input coefficients are the rule (as appears likely empirically); (ii) exchange rate elasticities with respect to individual tariff changes are fairly large, so that the usual partial equilibrium assumption of exchange rate insensitivity to ‘small’ tariff revisions is not valid; (iii) employment effects of different tariff revisions are highly variable and in some cases substantial.