农业投入品价格、人民币汇率波动对我国园艺产品比较优势的影响

自上世纪90年代以来,农业投入品价格和人民币汇率变动对我国园艺产品的比较优势产生一定影响。本文以甜橙为例,采用1990～2009年时序数据,通过构建农业投入品价格和人民币汇率与甜橙DRCC和NSP因果关系的线性回归模型,动态考察了农业投入品价格上涨和人民币汇率下降对甜橙比较优势的影响。研究结果表明:当期农业投入品价格上涨对甜橙的比较优势产生一定的正面影响,但前一期农业投入品价格上涨对甜橙比较优势产生一定的负面影响;当期人民币汇率下降对甜橙比较优势产生一定的负面影响,前一期人民币汇率下降对甜橙比较优势产生一定的正面影响,进而提出了相应的对策与建议。     

投入品价格、汇率波动下的不同园艺产品出口竞争力效应研究——基于蔬菜、水果、茶叶、花卉RCA、TSC的实证比较分析

文章运用价格、汇率传导效应和比较优势理论,解读了农业投入品价格和人民币汇率波动与园艺产品出口竞争力的因果关系;基于1992-2011年蔬菜、水果、茶叶、花卉出口竞争力指数RCA和TSC,通过构建多元线性回归模型就农业投入品价格和人民币汇率波动对不同园艺产品出口竞争力的影响进行了实证比较研究,结果表明,农业投入品价格上涨对不同园艺产品出口竞争力的影响存在差异性,在不同程度上弱化了园艺产品的出口竞争力;人民币升值对不同园艺产品出口竞争力均产生一定负面影响。     

什么决定中国食品价格变动:供给抑或需求——基于随机波动时变参数模型

文章使用食品价格、肉蛋奶消费量、农业生产资料价格指数、受灾面积以及货币供给等变量,建立随机波动时变参数(SV-TVP)模型,通过Bayesian Gibbs Sampler方法估计模型参数的动态变化规律,对1994-2012年我国食品价格上涨的决定因素进行动态分析。结果显示:首先,自1994年以来的四次食品价格大幅上涨均以农资价格上涨推动为主;其次,只有出现较大的自然灾害才有可能影响食品价格,而一般的自然灾害对食品价格难以造成影响;再次,需求因素只能在长期造成食品价格缓慢上涨,不会造成食品价格的短期快速上涨;最后,超额货币对食品价格的影响虽然在统计学意义上显著,但实际的影响程度非常小。文章还提出了一系列稳定食品价格的对策建议,如提高流通效率、对农业生产资料退税、鼓励土地适度规模经营、促进农业科技创新、大力发展农业机械化以及逐步建立农产品目标价格制度等。     

直补模式下新农业补贴有效率吗?——基于农户要素配置的分析

为了解我国新农业补贴制度的作用机理和政策效果,笔者构建农户行为模型进行分析。结果表明,农业生产与农户要素配置密切相关,而农户要素配置取决于农业比较利益;农业投入补贴和农产品价格补贴促进农业生产,而收入补贴并无生产效应;在政策效果上,价格补贴具有稳定的产出效果,而投入补贴的产出效果与农业要素价格和农户非农经营利润率有关;此外,投入补贴和价格补贴都具有积极的收入效应。我国当前农业补贴采取的直补模式使补贴的重心落入收入范畴,对农业生产的促进作用甚小。我国农业补贴的理性目标应该是生产导向而非收入导向,补贴结构和方式应据此改变。     

国际资本流动对房地产价格的影响——基于我国的实证检验(1998-2006年)

本文在考虑通货膨胀的条件下,利用我国1998-2006年的实际利用外资和房地产价格的季度数据建立误差纠正模型(ECM),使用Granger因果检验方法对我国的房地产价格和国际资本流动的关系进行实证检验.得出结论,短期而言,房地产价格上涨吸引了外资的流入;长期来说,外资的流入对我国的住房价格上涨产生了影响.在现阶段控制外资过度流入房地产市场,有利于保持我国房地产价格的稳定.     

对粮食直接补贴工作的几点建议

1.稳定粮食直补工作政策。农民种粮便可以得到补贴,这是农民增收的一条可靠途径。只有这项政策长期坚持下去,农民才会觉得种粮有利可图,才会加大对土地的投入,从而取得更好的经济效益。2.建议国家加大对农业投入品的调控,特别是对化肥、种子等重要投入品,要有行政干预,避免农民的增收步伐因生产成本的过度增长而变得缓慢。同时,积极扩展直接补贴范围,建立包括以价差为基础的保证农民收入稳定性的价格补贴,降低种粮成本的种子、化肥、农药等生产资料补贴和大幅度提高农业劳动生产效率的农机具补贴等,将来还可以探讨建立“休耕”和“轮耕”等…     

我国小农产品价格调控与对策

从供求失衡、农资价格和物流成本上涨、流通渠道和游资炒作四个方面分析了引致我国小农产品价格上涨的原因,指出生产补贴、流通优惠和市场干预三大调控措施存在的主要问题。借鉴日本的小农产品价格调控手段,提出我国应该建立价格保护动态机制、设立小农产品风险基金、完善小农产品交易制度和加大小农产品市场监管力度。     

“绿箱补贴”——财政支农政策的调整取向

WTO《农业协定》中有关农业国内支持的政策主要由“黄箱补贴”和“绿箱补贴”组成。黄箱补贴是对农产品的价格、市场或贸易有直接影响的补贴政策,包括种子和肥料等农业投入品补贴、农产品营销贷款补贴、休耕补贴等。绿箱补贴是基于农业的弱质性和其它非贸易因素而制定的补贴政策,包括科学研究、病虫害防治、基础设施     

农产品价格与农民收入增长关系的动态分析

实证分析表明,在1978～2010年的样本区间内,农产品生产价格上涨对我国农民收入水平的提高没有显著作用。因此,在出台提高农产品价格的政策选择上,应持谨慎的态度。农业生产资料价格上涨对农民收入增长具有较微弱的负向影响。切实控制农业生产资料价格的非理性上涨,应是政府的长期政策取向。而加大政府对农业的支持力度,建立和完善符合国际惯例和中国国情的农业综合补贴支持体系,推进农业产业化以加快农村劳动力的转移,不失为解决农民增收困难问题的重要途径。     

房地产市场财富效应的理论分析和中国经验的实证检验:1998-2006

文章分析了房地产市场财富效应的传导以及对宏观经济的影响。在考虑通货膨胀的条件下,利用我国1998-2006年的房地产价格和居民消费的季度数据建立误差纠正模型(ECM),使用Granger因果检验方法对我国的房地产价格和居民消费的关系进行实证检验。得出结论,短期而言,两者存在Granger因果关系;长期来说,房屋价格上涨是居民消费增加的Granger原因。通过脉冲响应分析,房地产价格一单位的正向冲击,对居民消费存在正效应,我国房地产市场存在财富效应。因此,必须根据房地产市场的运行态势,实施有效的宏观调控,以促进我国经济持续、稳定、健康发展。     

发展生物燃料乙醇对我国区域农业发展的影响分析

本文利用"中国农业可持续发展决策支持系统"分析了不同燃料乙醇发展政策可能对我国农产品价格、整体和各区域农业生产及净产值等的影响。研究结果表明:燃料乙醇发展将显著提高能源作物的农产品价格,对农业发展和农民增收将起到积极的促进作用,但对稻谷和小麦等粮食安全有一些负面影响;燃料乙醇发展对不同区域及不同农户的影响有较大差异;多数地区的农业部门都将从中受益,获益的大小主要取决于各地区在种植能源作物上的比较优势。研究也指出,未来的重点应放在非粮作物以及第二代生物燃料乙醇技术上(即用纤维素生产乙醇),并且应该提高在这些方面的科研投资水平。     

Disentangling the Poverty Effects of Sectoral Output,Prices, and Policies in India

This paper attempts to disentangle the poverty effects of key policy variables that directly affect the poor (namely the government‐led channel of development spending and financing) in both agricultural and non‐agricultural sectors after accounting for the effect of respective sectoral per capita income and prices, using data from India over five decades. The paper emphasizes the sectoral composition of income and prices as mechanisms influencing the level of poverty and establishes empirically that it is the rise in non‐agricultural per capita income that reduces rural poverty via the channel of internal migration, after having controlled for the variation in key components of fiscal spending and monetary/financial policy via the availability of credit. Uneven sectoral growth pattern explains why urban poverty becomes a spill‐over of persistent rural poverty when the agricultural sector shrinks. While checking for robustness, there is evidence that the rise in non‐agricultural income alone may not reduce rural poverty, when measured in terms of rural infant mortality rate as a non‐income indicator of well‐being.     

China's price stability: Its meaning and distributive consequences

The Chinese government stabilized the price level and the basic cost of living quite soon after its rise to power. This accomplishment did not preclude variations in the price structure, but the method of cost-of-living control complicated the relations between the prices paid to producers and the prices charged to consumers. In the end, subsidies were made available for the production of grain and of other basic foods in order to redistribute income from the nonagricultural to the agricultural sector. The paper explores the relationship between changes in the price structure and changes in the pattern of income differentiation. It also considers the limits to the future practice of this policy.     

ORGANIC FOOD AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Over the past 50 years, the rapid transformation of agricultural technology has provided the benefits of lower prices and a smaller share of income spent on food. Developing and applying synthetic chemicals was instrumental in lowering costs of production and in increasing yields. Conventional agriculture today relies on substantial use of synthetic chemicals as key inputs. This leads to increasing concern over negative externalities, including risks to both human health and the environment. In response to these concerns, organic food has emerged as a rapidly expanding industry. This paper examines the role of organic agriculture and other low-input farming methods more sustainable within the context of policies designed to reduce negative externalities from using synthetic chemicals.     

The effects of macroeconomic factors on South African agriculture

Significant research efforts have been devoted to understanding the effects of macroeconomic factors on the agriculture sector. Analysing the sources of volatility in the industry is critical for designing appropriate policies to stabilize agricultural markets, reduce poverty and increase economic growth. Agriculture is a competitive sector with prices that are more flexible than those in nonagricultural sectors. This article uses annual data over the 1957–2004 period and a vector error-correction model in investigating the dynamic effects of exchange rates, money supply and other macroeconomic variables on the agricultural sector in South Africa. Overall, real exchange rates, interest rates, inflation and money supply (M3) shocks have significant and persistent impacts on agricultural output, prices received by farmers and farm input prices. M3 and interest rate shocks tend to put agriculture in a cost-price squeeze. Agricultural price movements are a source of macroeconomic instability in the country. Real exchange rate shocks shift relative prices in favour of agriculture in the long-run, thereby, boosting farm incomes and accelerating poverty reduction in the country.     

Stock prices and long-run demand for money: evidence from Malaysia

This paper investigates the money demand function for Malaysia in the 1971-1996 period using the multivariate cointegration and error correction model methodology. The results suggest that a stable long-run relationship exist between real M2, the interest rate differential, income and stock prices. Stock prices have a significant negative substitute effect on long-run as well as short-run broad-money demand (M2) and its omission can lead to serious misspecification in the money demand function. The analysis from the vector error correction model (VECM) and the Toda & Yamamoto (1995) causality tests find that money is endogenous and that there is at least a unidirectional relationship between stock prices and real M2. Stock prices Granger cause real M2 indirectly through income between interest rates and stock prices and stock prices and money stock. This paper comes to the conclusion that due to the endogeneity of money, M2 cannot be completely controlled by Malaysia's central bank. Therefore, in formulating future monetary policy, the response of money demand to stock prices should be considered.     

PRIM I: A MODEL OF THE PRICE AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION MECHANISM OF AN OPEN ECONOMY

PRIM I is a numerical model which has been extensively used as a basis for an income policy in Norway in recent years. It is a static, cost-push, input-output model. Wage rates, agricultural prices, productivities and world market prices are treated as exogenous variables, and the model derives short-term changes in income shares and in the national price level from changes in these exogenous variables. A key feature of the model is a distinction between "exposed industries" which are subject to strong foreign price competition, and "sheltered industries" which are relatively free of such competition. These two groups of industries are found to react with very different pricing policies in response to increases in costs; furthermore, possibly for technological reasons, the export industries have greater scope than the majority of the sheltered industries for compensating cost increases through productivity gains. These two facts are shown to have important implications for a price and income policy. It is demonstrated, i.a. that the goal of a stable national price level is, in general, inconsistent with the maintenance of stable income shares when exchange rates are kept constant.     

A neoclassical model of acreage response for labor-intensive agriculture: The case of Egypt

Acreage response studies of both developed and less developed countries have consistently misspecified the neoclassical model of profit maximization by relying onad hoc models which failed to account properly for the effects of input prices, yield changes and total acreage scale. Using Egyptian aggregate time-series data and maximum-likelihood estimation techniques (of dynamic systems), the present study attempts to model and test the full implications of cultivators rational behaviour as well as the technical and institutional peculiarities of Egyptian agriculture, in the spirit of neoclassical production theory. In addition to prices and government controls, the model introduced the wage rate, productivity changes and total agricultural area as determinants of acreage mix; these variables gain special importance (policy-wise) as we deal with the process of agricultural development in LDCs with labor-intensive agriculture. The estimates obtained are remarkably stable, econometrically sound and, as such, are believed to have come closer to avoiding specification bias than previous studies.     

Examining crop price effects on production decision and resource allocation: an ex-ante approach

This article examines the output price effects on the US crop production, employing an ex-ante approach to the differential systems of input demand and output supply. The estimation results of the differential input demand show that the expansion of crop production leads to an increase in acreage (i.e. extensive margin) and a proportional rise in input usage improving yield per acre (i.e. intensive margin). The substitutable relationship between fertilizer and land supports that crop producers have an option to choose either intensive or extensive margin in response to changes in their relative prices. In addition, the estimation results of the differential output supply highlight that the composition of crop supply can be altered by changes in ex-ante crop prices. The estimation results suggest that crop producers substitute corn supply for the supply of cotton, wheat and soybeans or vice versa. Based on the estimated elasticities, the decompositions of profit-maximizing input demand are conducted, which reveals that a change in ex-ante crop prices is associated closely with resource reallocation.