企业全面风险管理（ERM）理论梳理和框架构建

全面风险管理（ERM）是在以价值为导向的企业目标确立过程中取代传统风险管理,承担增加公司价值使命的新型风险管理体系和手段。ERM的理论体系应该包括全面风险观、整体化风险管理理论以及ERM框架体系。ERM框架体系不仅包括我们常说的风险管理策略和过程,还应该包括所有支持和保障ERM效率效果的六方面辅助政策和设施,统称为ERM的配套设施,策略、过程和配套设施三个部分缺一不可,共同构成全面风险管理的整体框架。     

原油输送管道计量化验室的建设与管理

原油输送管道计量化验室工作质量直接关系到贸易双方的经济利益。目前原油计量化验室建设与管理没有统一规范．原油计量化验室存在功能区混乱、布局不合理、安全防护设施不完备等问题。依据国家相关标准，从实用角度介绍了原油化验室的建设、器具配置和管理方法，提示了操作注意事项。     

Energy Performance Contracting by Public Housing Authorities

This article provides an overview of the legal and contractual considerations for certain performance contracts for energy conservation and on-site energy generation projects for public housing authority (PHA) facilities. It focuses on the importance of achieving an effective and comprehensive energy audit agreement as an initial step in the process. It considers U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) requirements together with construction, financing and guarantee considerations.     

An integrated production–distribution model for the dynamic location and allocation problem with safety stock optimization

The design and management of a multi-stage production–distribution system is one of the most critical problems in logistics and in facility management. Companies need to be able to evaluate and design different configurations for their logistic networks as quickly as possible. This means coordinating the entire supply chain effectively in order to minimize costs and simultaneously optimize facilities location, the allocation of customer demand to production/distribution centers, the inbound and outbound transportation activities, the product flows between production and/or warehousing facilities, the reverse logistics activities, etc.Full optimization of supply chain is achieved by integrating strategic, tactical, and operational decision-making in terms of the design, management, and control of activities. The cost-based and mixed-integer programming model presented in this study has been developed to support management in making the following decisions: the number of facilities (e.g. warehousing systems, distribution centers), the choice of their locations and the assignment of customer demand to them, and also incorporate tactical decisions regarding inventory control, production rates, and service-level determination in a stochastic environment. This paper presents an original model for the dynamic location–allocation problem with control of customer service level and safety stock optimization. An experimental analysis identifies the most critical factors affecting the logistics cost, and to finish, an industrial application is illustrated demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach.     

建设行业虚拟团队的构建

虚拟团队是基于现代信息技术。进行跨时间、空间和组织边界的协同工作而形成的群体。这种方、式能促进对人才综合利用、提高工作效率和降低成本，这符合建设行业进步和发展的需要。构建虚拟团队包括硬件建设、清晰的目标、有效的管理和高素质的成员。实践证明，虚拟团队可有效地应用于建设行业。     

US Labour Relations in Transition: Emerging Strategies and Company Performance

This report examines strategic labour relations and operational changes pursued by large, highly unionized, US manufacturing companies over the 1975–86 period. Four fairly distinguishable strategies are identified as implemented across a sample of 105 companies. These strategies are characterized by various combinations of activities associated with union avoidance, deunionization and co-operation. In addition to describing these strategies, we examine changes in company performance associated with these strategies for a subsample of 56 companies. It is found that, on the one hand, improvements in company performance are associated with extensive cooperative efforts across unionized facilities, but, on the other hand, they are also associated with the opening of non-union facilities and the simultaneous closing of unionized facilities. In contrast, the closing of unionized facilities (but not non-union facilities) and the decertification of unions are negatively associated with company performance.     

Dynamic Entry and Investment in New Infrastructures: Empirical Evidence from the Fixed Broadband Industry

In the telecommunications industry, the ladder-of-investment approach claims that service-based competition (when entrants lease access to incumbents’ facilities) can serve as a “stepping stone” for facility-based entry (when entrants build their own infrastructures to provide services). In this paper, we build an empirical model that encompasses a complete ladder-of-investment, composed of three rungs: bitstream access, local loop unbundling and new access facilities. Using data from the European Commission’s “Broadband access in the EU” reports covering 15 European member states for 17 semesters, we test the ladder-of-investment hypothesis. We find no empirical support for this hypothesis, that is, for the transition from local loop unbundling to new access infrastructures, and weak empirical support for the transition from bitstream access lines to local loop unbundling. These results are robust when we take into account the migration effect, the number of access rungs, the development of broadband cable, the regulatory performance, and the evolution of local loop unbundling prices.     

Facilities to service based competition,not service to facilities based,for broadband penetration: A comparative study between the United States and South Korea

As a fundamental infrastructure in the Era of Information, a broadband network has a significant impact on democracy, economy, and society, indicating the importance of policy to increase broadband penetration. Considering the characteristics of broadband as a network, many governments introduced service-based competition, which is assumed to lower entry barriers by allowing entrants to lease incumbents' facilities, as a stepping stone to facilities-based competition.Questioning this unidirectional approach, the present study examines how the direction of policy implementation, that is service- to facilities-based versus facilities- to service-based, affects broadband diffusion. Through the case study of the U.S. and South Korea which experienced both modes of competition in opposing temporal sequences, this research concludes that facilities- to service-based competition might contribute to higher and faster broadband diffusion than service- to facilities-based competition. Rather than impose unbundling obligations against incumbents, facilities-based competition with financial support of the government to entrants seems to induce an earlier peak in broadband penetration. Additionally, consistent commitment of the government enforcement appears to be critical in implementing service-based competition.Though limited to the cases of the U.S. and Korea, this study suggests that service-based competition may be neither a necessity to facilitate broadband diffusion nor a precondition to introduce facilities-based competition. Moreover, service-based competition policy can function to deter overbuild of facilities and lessen the financial burden of broadband service providers if adopted after an initial period of facilities-based competition policy, which includes government investment in broadband facilities, that seems to help promote competition and give incentives to construct networks.Contrary to the literature, the present study raises a new perspective of the role of service-based competition as an enhancer for service quality and that of facilities-based competition with government investment as a booster of early and rapid broadband diffusion.     

Baseline results from the Eat,Play, Live trial: A randomized controlled trial within a natural experiment examining the role of nutrition policy and capacity building in improving food environments in recreation and sport facilities

Canadian provincial governments have introduced voluntary nutrition guidelines for recreation and sport facilities to promote healthy dietary patterns in children. This paper presents baseline data from the Eat, Play, Live (EPL) randomized controlled trial to examine whether facilities in guideline provinces had greater capacity, more nutrition policies, and healthier food environments than facilities in a province without guidelines. Facility capacity, policy development, and food environment quality were measured and compared in guideline (GF; n = 32) and no guideline facilities (NoGF; n = 17) using ANOVA and Chi-square statistics. Healthfulness of vending and concession items were rated as Do Not Sell (least nutritious), Sell Sometimes or Sell Most (most nutritious). Facility capacity scores did not differ between GF and NoGF. A higher proportion of GF had facility-specific nutrition policies compared to NoGF. GF vending machines had healthier profiles than NoGF; including a lower proportion of Do Not Sell snacks and beverages, and a higher proportion of Sell Sometimes snacks and beverages and Sell Most beverages. GF concessions had healthier profiles than NoGF; with a lower proportion of Do Not Sell snacks and beverages, a higher proportion of Sell Sometimes snacks and Sell Most beverages, and higher food environment summary scores. Recreation and sport facilities in guideline provinces had more nutrition policies and healthier food environments than facilities in a province without guidelines. However, food environments were unhealthy regardless of guideline status which may promote correspondingly unhealthy dietary patterns among children.Clinical trials registration (retrospectively registered): ISRCTN14669997 Jul 3 2018.     

The economics of networks

I analyze the salient features of networks and point out the similarities between the economic structure of networks and the structure of vertically related industries. The analysis focuses on positive consumption and production externalities, commonly called network externalities. I discuss their sources and their effects on pricing and market structure. I distinguish between results that do not depend on the underlying industry microstructure (the ‘macro’ approach) and those that do (the ‘micro’ approach). I analyze the issues of compatibility, coordination to technical standards, interconnection and interoperability, and their effects on pricing and quality of services and on the value of network links in various ownership structures. I also briefly discuss the issue of interconnection fees for bottleneck facilities.     

The Land Development Corporation: A System for Selling Rural Real Estate

This research illustrates ways in which rural real estate is converted into potential vacation home sites by large land development corporations. The individual and previously disorganized approach to selling property is replaced by an organized framework that is designed to create a demand for rural real estate.
Unfortunately, development is progressing without serious or adequate consideration being given to a number of specific problems. Developers and local governmental officials often fail to consider the environmental impact of these developments, the adequacy of service facilities being provided or the direct and indirect public costs associated with this type of developmental activity. Because of these shortcomings and others, serious questions arise concerning the desirability of this kind of developmental activity for rural areas.     

DNP3.0规约主站方组件实现

针对远动通信规约的发展现状、DNP3.0规约的基本结构和功能,介绍了采用面向对象的编程技术,实现DNP3.0规约的配网自动化主站方程序设计基本思路和实现方法。     

A tabu search heuristic for redesigning a multi-echelon supply chain network over a planning horizon

This paper addresses the problem of redesigning a supply chain network with multiple echelons and commodities. The problem belongs to a comprehensive class of network redesign problems previously introduced in the literature. Redesign decisions comprise the relocation of existing facilities to new sites under an available budget over a finite time horizon, the supply of commodities by upstream facilities, the inventory levels at storage facilities, and the flow of commodities through the network. The problem is modeled as a large-scale mixed-integer linear program. Feasible solutions are obtained by using a tabu search procedure that explores the space of the facility location variables. The latter prescribe the time periods in which changes in the network configuration occur. They are triggered by the setup of new facilities, which operate with capacity transferred from the existing facilities, and by closing the latter upon their entire relocation. As the problem is highly constrained, infeasible solutions with excess budget are allowed during the course of the search process. However, such solutions are penalized for their infeasibility. Computational experiments on realistically sized randomly generated instances indicate that this strategic oscillation scheme used in conjunction with tabu search performs very well.     

实施名牌战略 推进企业跨越式发展

通过对实施名牌战略意义的阐述和名牌建设的分析,总结中国石油抚顺石化公司依托实施名牌战略的总体思路、实施途径以及所取得的成绩。     

The Viability of Trade Union Organization: A Bargaining Unit Analysis

The paper develops a model of trade union behaviour based on the concept of the viable bargaining unit. Viability rests on five conditions: membership level, service level, membership participation, employer recognition, and facilities. Unions are seen as portfolios of viable and inviable bargaining units. Six propositions are derived, concerning union scale, growth, the impact of statutory recognition provisions, the emergence of conglomerate unions, governance structures, and relations with employers. Employer dependence is central, and a simple game‐theoretic approach is used to discuss employer co‐operation. Viability at the union level is achieved by portfolio diversification and employer co‐operation.     

The national innovation system and foreign R&D: the case of Taiwan

R&D internationalization has increasingly involved countries outside the developed world. In addition, there has been a growing trend for countries in East Asia to seek to attract the R&D facilities of multinationals (MNCs). For such countries, they are faced with a fundamental question as to what kinds of impact MNCs' offshore R&D facilities will have on their own countries, especially in terms of technological innovation and industrial development. Set against the above backdrop, this paper sets out to examine a relatively new aspect of R&D internationalization related to global innovation networks and to open up the blackbox of the spillover effect regarding foreign R&D by examining the interplay of foreign R&D and Taiwan's national innovation system. The empirical part of the paper draws mainly upon intensive case studies of four high-profile foreign R&D facilities in the IT industry. The way foreign R&D interplays with Taiwan's NIS is examined in terms of the market & technology linkages.     

Recovering markups from production data

In this paper, I discuss, what I call, the Production-Approach to recovering markups. In contrast to the most popular approach in empirical IO, which relies on demand estimation, this approach requires standard production data while allowing for various price-setting models and puts no restrictions on underlying consumer demand. Using production data together with standard cost minimization allows a researcher to obtain markups in a flexible way. After presenting a brief and selective overview of the literature I contrast the production approach to that of the more popular demand estimation approach. This discussion makes it clear that both approaches face important trade-offs and at a minimum empirical economist should have both techniques as part of their toolbox. The hope is that the use of both methods will only depend on the data at hand and the relevant institutional knowledge, paired with the actual research question we are trying to answer.     

Product choice under price regulation: Evidence from out-patient dialysis markets

Using a dataset of dialysis facilities operating in more than 1000 U.S. counties in 2007, I examine the product choice of two types of firms: multiproduct dialysis facilities and single product dialysis facilities. I simulate the effect of a Medicare policy proposal in 2008 which reduces the regulated price of a common product that is produced by both types. I find that the policy decreases the number of single product dialysis facilities but increases the number of multiproduct facilities, holding patient behavior and provider cost structure constant. I also find strong evidence for market segmentation between single product and multiproduct dialysis facilities.     

Optimizing the storage assignment in a warehouse served by milkrun logistics

This paper addresses the problem of storage assignment in a warehouse characterized by multi-command picking and served by milkrun logistics. In such a logistic system, vehicles circulate between the warehouse and the production facilities of the plant according to a pre-defined schedule, often with multiple cycles (routes) serving different departments. We assume that a request probability can be assigned to each item and each cycle, which leads to a special case of the correlated storage assignment problem. A MIP model is proposed for finding a class-based storage policy that minimizes the order cycle time, the average picking effort, or a linear combination of these two criteria. Computational experiments show that our approach can achieve an up to 36–38% improvement in either criterion compared to the classical COI-based strategy.     

Multilevel governance and broadband infrastructure development: Evidence from Canada

This paper investigates the contributions of digital infrastructure policies of provincial governments in Canada to the development of broadband networks. Using measurements of broadband network speeds between 2007 and 2011, the paper analyzes potential causes for observed differences in network performance growth across the provinces, including geography, Internet use intensity, platform competition, and provincial broadband policies. The analysis suggests provincial policies that employed public sector procurement power to open access to essential facilities and channeled public investments in Internet backbone infrastructure were associated with the emergence of relatively high quality broadband networks. However, a weak essential facilities regime and regulatory barriers to entry at the national level limit the scope for decentralized policy solutions.