美国量化宽松政策是否影响了中国的通货膨胀?——基于SVAR模型的实证研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文通过构建SVAR模型对美联储量化宽松货币政策、国际大宗商品价格、人民币汇率与我国通货膨胀之间的动态关系进行了实证检验。结果表明:量化宽松政策的实施推动了国际大宗商品价格的上涨,而国际大宗商品价格的上涨助长了国内通胀,模型表明国际大宗商品价格上涨对PPI的影响要大于对CPI的影响;同时,该政策推动了人民币的升值,而人民币升值对国内的通胀造成了先正后负的冲击。文章的实证研究支持以下结论:通过国际大宗商品价格和汇率渠道,美国的量化宽松货币政策对我国的通胀水平构成了显著的冲击。     

发达经济体货币政策的分化

<正>当前,美国和欧洲通胀率均持续攀升,并屡创新高,通胀压力不断加大。在就业形势相对转好的态势下,美联储决定加速退出资产购买规模（Taper）,并暗示提前开启升息周期。相对而言,欧洲央行在退出超宽松货币政策方面与美联储存在明显差别,除了逐步退出紧急资产购买计划（PEPP）外,对加息并无明确的时间表。美欧在退出超宽松货币政策方面的差异或分化,会对国际资本流动、人民币汇率波动、大宗商品价格走势以及资本市场产生冲击和影响,对此应提早做好应对预案,将美欧货币政策有差别的转向所产生的负面外溢影响降至最低。     

美联储退出QE对我国跨境资金流动的影响及对策

美联储从2014年1月开始逐步缩减资产购买规模,标志着美联储开始退出量化宽松货币政策。美联储退出量化宽松货币政策,将可能通过实体经济、流动性、利率、汇率、资产价格等传导机制,从货物贸易、投资收益、直接投资、证券投资、跨境贷款、贸易信贷、大宗商品价格等渠道对我国跨境资金流动产生一定影响,本文分析了具体影响并提出应对措施。     

发达国家央行拉开加息序幕

2011年初以来,由于石油等国际大宗商品价格大幅上升,发达国家的通货膨胀压力日益增大。文章在依次分析欧洲、英国、美国的经济与通胀发展形势乃至其货币政策决策者观点后指出,欧洲中央银行加息拉开了发达国家央行加息的序幕,预计年内欧央行还可能加息;英格兰银行将视经济情况决定年内加息时机;美联储在退出量化宽松货币政策后,可能于今年底或明年初提高美元基准利率。     

美联储缩表与财富增值

美联储2014年10月宣布退出量化宽松的货币政策(以下简称QE),2015年12月启动加息, 2017年9月正式宣布自10月起缩减其总额超过4.5万亿美元的资产负债表.这一连串行动表明美联储的货币政策已经悄然收紧,是美国经济逐步恢复正轨的明证.美联储货币政策由放水转向流回,势必会引发全球资本流向的变化,从而对实体经济、外汇市场、大宗商品等各个领域产生影响.     

美联储加息冲击下跨境资本流动监管的“双支柱”调控研究

后疫情时代美国超宽松货币政策导致其通胀高企,美联储开启史诗级加息周期,国际资本大幅快速回流美国,导致全球金融风险显著上升,人民币汇率波动加剧,亟须加强跨境资本流动的宏观审慎监管。本文构建一个包含无息外汇准备金逆周期调节跨境资本流动的小型开放动态随机一般均衡框架,研究“双支柱”调控应对美联储加息冲击的效果。结果表明：第一,美联储加息冲击下,国内产出和通胀下滑,人民币贬值;此时采取降低外汇存款准备金政策能稳定汇率并降低经济波动,主要机制是下调外汇存款准备金能增加国内金融机构外汇贷款的资金供给,降低国内企业融资成本。第二,提升利率政策虽然有助于稳定汇率,但会增大经济波动且削弱货币政策有效性;而“双支柱”调控不仅能降低产出和汇率波动,还不会降低货币政策有效性。第三,“双支柱”政策最优组合是货币政策盯住国内产出和通胀波动,宏观审慎政策盯住国际资本流动。据此,本文认为,我国应采用“双支柱”调控应对美联储激进加息,降低利率以应对通胀和产出下滑,降低外汇存款准备金率以促进汇率稳定。     

浅析人民币国际化过程中的汇率风险防控——以日元国际化的经验教训为鉴

近几年来,随着中国改革的深入和对外开放程度的不断提升,人民币在中国周边国家和地区的使用越来越广泛,人民币国际化已然大势所趋。然而,自2015年末美联储摒弃量化宽松的货币政策以来,美国进入新一轮加息周期,人民币汇率随之波动较大。近期,受诸多因素影响,人民币国际化的脚步明显放缓甚至停滞不前,汇率风险已构成当前人民币国际化发展的一大障碍。本文以新一轮美联储加息周期为背景,结合当前国际经济金融环境的发展变化,同时借鉴日元国际化的经验教训,积极探索防控汇率风险的措施和方法,以期为人民币国际化献计献策。     

美联储非常规货币政策退出对中国金融市场的外溢效应 ——基于LT—TVP—VAR模型的实证分析

根据美联储数据特征构建LT—TVP—VAR模型,从加息和缩表两个层面实证研究美联储非常规货币政策退出对中国金融市场的外溢影响.理论分析和实证结果表明:美联储加息将主要通过流动性供给冲击和跨境资本流动渠道导致我国货币和债券市场利率上行以及人民币对美元汇率的贬值,对我国股票市场的影响有限;美联储缩表的目的是回收过剩流动性,并促进货币政策正常化,短期内对我国金融市场的影响有限,其长期外溢效应取决于缩表的速度和力度.美联储非常规货币政策退出对我国金融市场外溢影响的长期效应,大于短期效应,要积极应对美联储非常规货币政策退出的外溢效应,提升金融市场应对非预期冲击的能力,防范外部冲击造成的系统性金融风险.     

美联储的加息将震动全球经济

美国次贷危机之后．美联储采取了多轮量化宽松操作，使美元利率维持在超低水平，美元指数也较为软弱，这带来了美国债券、股市和房地产的持续膨胀。产业结构调整和企业资产负债表的修复也相对充分。在经济复苏势头相对明朗，以及就业和通胀稳步改善的氛围下，美联储从加速量宽退出转向考虑加息。美元进入加息周期的时点和节奏，势必对全球资产价格、西方经济复苏乃至全球带来震动，令全球为之瞩目。     

美联储量化宽松政策退出对我国跨境资本流动的影响研究

美元作为主要世界货币，美联储货币政策对其他国家的溢出效应十分明显。研究美联储货币政策对我国跨境资本流动的影响，对提高我国风险防控和应对能力，防止跨境资本大进大出、汇率大起大落，维护国家经济金融安全等意义重大。本文通过构建向量误差修正模型（VEC）分析美联储量化宽松政策退出对包括跨境资本流动、全球原油价格、我国货币政策、汇率、物价水平在内变量的短期波动与长期均衡关系，为跨境资本流动监测以及宏观审慎管理提供实证基础。研究结果表明，美联储利率政策对我国跨境资本冲击具有一个持续的冲击效应，应当防范来自外部溢出效应的风险。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.