一类价格调整问题的数学模型及其求解方法

虽然市场需求是价格的函数，但企业在价格调整实践中往往不能直接获取需求函数的具体表达式，而只能在某一给定价格水平下观察到市场需求量的值。因此，企业通常不能直接利用需求函数来调整价格以完成预期的市场需求调整的战略计划。本文将企业为达到市场需求战略调整目的而考虑的价格调整问题归结为一个隐式互补问题。在该模型中，企业可以依据自身经营战略目标的调整相应地调整各类产品的市场价格，使得价格调整后的产品销量迭到预定的目标。文章给出了求解这类隐式互补问题的直接迭代法，并给出了数值结果。     

闭环供应链下的联合定价及利润分配策略研究

研究了闭环供应链下单周期产品的联合优化问题,借助于报童模型考察了供应链合作情况下得最优订货与定价策略,并对合作获利利用shapley值法进行了分配。     

基于价值网络的利润优化

根据价值网络理论,在分析网络构成的基础上,确定顾客价值、顾客风险、网络各节点的市场权力指数,计算市场权力限制下的最高可能定价以及最优的利润-销量组合。     

Index Number Theory Using Differences Rather Than Ratios

A bstract    Traditional index number theory decomposes a value ratio into the product of a price index times a quantity index. The price (quantity) index is interpreted as an aggregate price (quantity) ratio. The present paper takes an alternative approach to index number theory, started by Bennet and Montgomery in the 1920s, which decomposes a value difference into the sum of a price difference plus a quantity difference. Axiomatic and economic approaches to this alternative branch of index theory are considered in the present paper. The analysis presented has some relevance to accounting theory in which revenue, cost, or profit changes need to be decomposed into price quantity components or where standard or budgeted performance is compared with actual performance (variance analysis). The methodology presented in the paper is also relevant for consumer surplus analysis.     

Price and Quantity Contracts in a Mixed Duopoly with a Socially Concerned Firm

I study the endogenous choice of a price or quantity contract in a mixed duopoly with a socially concerned firm, which maximizes a combination of profit and consumer welfare. Equilibria with price and quantity contracts might co‐exist; welfare under price competition might be lower than under quantity competition; the firms' profit ranking might be different from that of a private duopoly or mixed duopoly with a public firm. Hence, if a firm follows a social strategy, the optimal market strategy crucially depends on the levels of social concern and competition in the market. The presence of socially concerned firms may change the mode of competition. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Real Options Approach to Economic Exposure Management

Exchange rate volatility is not only a source of concern for firms but also of profit opportunities. If adjustment costs and lags are low, managers can adjust their input or output decisions to raise the firm's expected profits. Notwithstanding the resulting higher profit variability, the actual risk perceived by the managers may fall as they are probably more averse to downside risk—such as financial distress—than to risk in general. Hence, this paper argues that optimal economic exposure management consists of exploiting the upward profit potential of real exchange rate volatility, while keeping downside risk under control. It is shown that option theory provides useful new principles for economic exposure management by bringing out the crucial role of adjustment costs.     

Exploring the sources of financial performance in Chinese banks: A comparative analysis of different types of banks

Since significantly organizational difference in Chinese banks, this study makes an attempt to investigate whether there exist some differences of the financial performance and its decomposed components for Chinese banks. We employ the decomposition of profit change model introduced by Grifell-Tatje and Lovell (2015, P215) and normalized price definition of Balk (2018) to develop a normalized profit change decomposition model which can well deal with the firms’ scale difference. This model also decomposes the normalized profit into the technical efficiency effect, technical effect, size effect, price and quantity margin effect, and price recovery effect. For the empirical evidence, we find that although there is an increase of profit gains, the profit growth rate decline by year. Furthermore, the productivity is not the main factor to expand profits, quantity margin effect also makes peer contributions. Finally, the productivity effect and its decomposed components present different functions in different kinds of Chinese banks.     

Decomposing profit change: Konüs,Bennet and Luenberger indicators

We introduce complementary decompositions of profit change that, relying on the duality between the profit function and the directional distance function, shed light on the different sources of profit growth including measures of technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and technological change. Our decompositions extend the literature on Konüs and Bennet quantity and price indicators to profit change. The first decomposition is ‘exact’ in the sense of Diewert, by completely exhausting the sources of profit change into profit inefficiency change (including technical and allocative inefficiency change), technological change, and output and input price change. The second decomposition equates the Bennet quantity indicator to a productivity measure represented by the Luenberger indicator plus allocative inefficiency change. We deem it ‘complete’ because in contrast to the existing literature, it retains the information on allocative inefficiency change while preventing the existence of residual terms capturing price variations, whose meaningful interpretation has not been addressed until now. Our proposed solution takes advantage of the flexibility of the directional distance function when choosing a suitable directional vector. All decompositions have the same structural form and therefore their components can be compared to each other vis-à-vis, providing alternative measures of equivalent sources of profit growth.     

A coordination mechanism through value-added profit distribution in a supply chain considering corporate social responsibility

The consumers pay more and more attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR), which has been a new competitiveness for the enterprises. This paper constructs a supply chain consisting of a dominated retailer, a socially responsible supplier and a non-socially responsible supplier (compared with the socially responsible supplier), consider the consumer preference and exploit the game analysis technique to analyze the optimal decisions under the decentralized and concentrated decision, and then design a coordination mechanism based on value-added profit distribution. The results show that compared with the decentralized decision, the retail price and order quantity of two products are lower, the CSR effort degree of socially responsible supplier is higher, and the performance of the whole supply chain is better under the concentrated decision. In addition, the mechanism designed can induce the socially responsible supplier to undertake CSR without damaging its profit, prompt the supply chain members to make the concentrated decisions, and promote the competitiveness of the retailer-dominated supply chain.     

考虑需求与价格--质量相关的补货与定价联合决策广义模型

文中基于顾客的购买行为,构建质量-价格敏感的时变需求函数;以利润最大化为目标建立了补货与定价联合决策广义模型,同步确定市场价格、订货批量和时间间隔;证明了模型存在唯一最优解的条件,并给出求解方法;讨论了研究问题的特例形式,表明模型具有广泛适用性。数值算例进一步分析了质量水平影响因子、产品变质率的变化速率对销售利润和决策变量的影响关系。     

不平衡报价的现值分析

从承包商的角度出发，根据FIDIC合同条件下的合同价格及付款方式的特点，以及不平衡报价的基本原理和使用条件，利用资金时间价值理论，建立了以工程实际付款现值最大化为目标函数的线性规划模型，并配以具体的工程实例通过计算机求得不平衡报价的最优解。所建立的模型既考虑了施工中工程量的变化，又顾及到工程施工顺序的影响，且模型简单实用，对投标者参与工程竞标，增加盈利具有一定的指导意义。     

Price uncertainty, saving, and welfare

We analyze how commodity price uncertainty affects saving behavior and welfare in a dynamic model with multiple commodities, portfolio hedging, and a preference structure that disentangles ordinal preferences, attitudes towards risk, and attitudes towards intertemporal substitution. We show that the effect of price uncertainty on savings boils down to knowing (1) hf degree of resistance to intertemporal substitution and (2) the effect that uncertainty has on the certainty-equivalent real interest rate. We also show that, if the certainty-equivalent real interest rate is lower with uncertainty, consumers' welfare is also lower.     

The effects of uncertainty on investment and the expected long-run capital stock

This paper examines the effects of output price uncertainty on the optimal investment behavior of a risk-neutral competitive firm with a constant returns to scale production function. In the presence of convex costs of adjustment, investment is an increasing function of q, the shadow price of capital. Given the current price of output, we find that increased uncertainty will raise the current rate of investment. Increased uncertainty will also increase the expected long-run capital stock if the price of output is serially uncorrelated. However, if the price of output is serially correlated, then the direction of the effect of increased uncertainty on the expected long-run capital stock depends on the curvature of the marginal adjustment cost function. In this case, we obtain results which are directly opposite of the results in the literature and we locate the flaw in the existing analysis.     

Real Balances, the Price Level and the Unit of Account

A bstract It is argued that Patinkin's introduction in his 1956 book of the stability analysis of the price level resulted in great measure from his reading of Wicksell's 1898 Interest and Prices. Both Patinkin and Wicksell based their treatments of the stability of the price level on what Patinkin used to call the "real balance effect." That effect, however, does not operate under Wicksell's assumption of a competitive "pure credit economy", where all transactions are carried out by bookkeeping transfers, and the unit of account is the same unit in which the accounts of banks are kept. In that case, Patinkin showed in the second (1965) edition of his book that the real balance effect–and, by that, the stability of the price level–would still be a feature of the system if profit maximizer banks held reserves, created by the central bank to settle temporary imbalances at the clearinghouse. According to Wicksell, on the other hand, a pure credit economy should consist of a central bank that attracts and remunerates deposits at the same interest rate charged for its loans, plus profit maximizer financial intermediaries that lend money for risky projects. The basic rate of interest set by the central bank decides, accordingly, the price level in such an economy. Wicksell's and Patinkin's approaches differ from the view put forward in the 1980s by the so-called "new monetary economics" that the key to price level stabilization is the separation of the function of money as the unit of account from its function as the medium of exchange in pure accounting systems of exchange.     

基于延期支付和价格折扣策略的易变质物品库存模型

在资金具有时值、供应商给零售商提供定期信用支付和价格折扣的支付策略条件下,讨论了需求跟价格相关、变质率为常数的易变质物品库存问题,建立了优化补货周期和销售策略的库存模型,目的是极大化平均总利润。分析了模型最优解的存在性和唯一性,并给出数值实验。     

Retail market structure and the threat by the manufacturer to sell goods directly to the consumer

When a manufacturer and its retailers and consumers are spatially separated, the retailers’ market size may be limited by the manufacturer who provides consumers with an option to purchase goods directly from them. The manufacturer uses this tactic to increase profit when a few retailers dominate the market. The mill price of a manufacturer, that is, the price of the good at delivery from a manufacturer’s factory, is critical under these circumstances.If the manufacturer charges a franchise fee, thus absorbing the retailer’s profit, this fee is a function of the mill price. Mill price policy can be used to maximize profit on the sale of goods and collection of the franchise fee. The resulting retail market structure becomes preferable for the manufacturer and consumers since the manufacturer’s profit is larger, as is the quantity purchased, compared with a competitive equilibrium in which every firm entering the market area is assumed to move its location instantly without cost.     

考虑顾客惰性时的供应链定价与存货决策研究

本文研究了存在顾客惰性时的零售商的最优定价与存货决策问题。假定产品的销售分为正常销售阶段和清仓处理阶段,顾客在确定最优购买时机时会战略性地比较提前购买和延迟购买时获得的期望效用,同时顾客也可能存在延迟购买的消费惰性。利用理性预期均衡分析,分析了存在顾客惰性时零售商的最优定价与存货数量,并且比较了战略顾客行为下和顾客惰性下的零售商的最优定价和存货数量的关系。研究表明,顾客惰性的存在减少了零售商的期望利润,降低了零售商的最优销售价格,同时也降低了零售商的最优存货数量。     

紧缩性政策下银行信贷资金期限配置行为分析

从我国银行贷款传导渠道的典型事实出发,通过建立SVAR模型对紧缩性政策影响下我国银行业信贷资金期限配置行为进行研究,结果表明,当人民银行上调政策利率之后,银行出于防范利率上升所引致的净利息收益下降目的而增加短期贷款并减少中长期贷款,这就意味着,利率风险管理已成为影响银行信贷资金期限配置行为的决定因素。在此情况下,人民银行应充分发挥利率工具在促进信贷结构调整中的作用。     

Optimal structure of joint inventory-pricing management with dual suppliers and different lead times

We consider a joint inventory-pricing control problem in a single-product, periodic-review, dual-supplier inventory system. The two suppliers have different lead times. One expedited supplier offers instantaneous replenishment, and one regular supplier requires an L-period lead time for delivery. The supply quantity is stochastic and the demand is price-dependent. For the expedited inventory replenishment, we characterize the optimal policy as a state-dependent almost-threshold policy by extending the stochastically linear in mid-point to a multidimensional setting. To investigate the optimal regular inventory replenishment and pricing policy, we propose the notions of partially stochastic translation (PST) and increasing partially stochastic translation (IPST), which help in obtaining the antimultimodularity preservation in dynamic programming problems. We provide properties, sufficient conditions, and examples for PST and IPST functions. By applying PST and IPST, we obtain the antimultimodularity of the profit functions. The antimultimodular profit functions ensure that the optimal regular ordering quantity and the optimal price are monotone in the current inventory level and outstanding order quantities. Moreover, we reveal that as the time interval increases, the effects of previous outstanding orders on the optimal regular ordering and pricing decisions are decreasing and increasing, respectively. PST and IPST also enable us to further characterize the optimal expedited ordering quantity as decreasing in the inventory level. However, the optimal expedited ordering quantity can be non-monotone with respect to the outstanding order quantities, as shown in the example.     

Discriminatory input pricing and strategic delegation

This paper examines how discriminatory input pricing by an upstream monopolist affects the incentives that owners of downstream duopolists offer their managers. Regardless of the mode of competition (quantity or price), owners of downstream firms induce their managers to be more profit‐oriented and to behave less aggressively when the monopolist is allowed to price‐discriminate than when he charges a uniform price. If the monopolist price‐discriminates, managerial downstream firms always earn more than owner‐managed profit‐maximizing firms. However, if the monopolist charges a uniform price, managerial downstream firms earn more than profit‐maximizing counterparts under price competition and earn less under quantity competition. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.