中国制造业能源替代的区域差异

通过建立超越对数成本函数,首先测算了28个省份制造业资本、劳动和能源的替代关系,随后结合VAR模型,研究了28个省份的石油、电力和天然气对煤炭的替代关系。结果表明:就总体来看,制造业对资本依赖程度明显提高,且资本对劳动力和资本对能源都存在明显替代关系;虽然制造业的劳动力自价格弹性绝对值不断增大,但能源自价格弹性较低,甚至最近几年为正值;制造业生产过程中投入的石油和天然气都可以替代煤炭,但替代能力都较弱。从区域角度看,各地区制造业能源替代差异明显。     

多种要素扭曲是否推动了中国企业出口

本文使用1999-2007年工业企业数据样本分析了包括资本、劳动及中间品在内的要素市场相对扭曲程度,并考察其是否能解释中国企业出口的独特成本优势。结论认为：中国制造业企业存在严重要素价格扭曲,不同要素的价格扭曲程度差异化较大。劳动力价格扭曲现象普遍存在,经济发展以牺牲劳动力价格市场化为代价。国有企业比重较大的行业资本价格相对较低,而私营企业比重较大的行业则资金成本较高。能源、原材料相关行业以及外资企业比重较大的行业中间品价格偏低;经过实证检验,要素市场扭曲的确对企业出口倾向起到推动作用,企业将获得的成本优势转化为出口优势,这表明低廉的要素价格是中国产品在国际市场中具有竞争力的重要原因。     

碳价冲击对我国制造业发展的影响分析——基于分行业面板数据的实证研究

碳市场形成的碳价格会影响制造业各分行业成本的变动,从而导致经济增长水平、能源消费量及要素市场价格的改变。采用2001-2011年中国制造业各行业GDP水平、碳排放量、能源消耗量、人力资本及物质资本等数据,以每吨60元碳价水平为基准测算碳价冲击对制造业总体及各分行业的影响。结果表明:碳价冲击有助于提高制造业整体的增长水平,减少生产过程中对能源要素的需求,并可能改变要素市场上各要素的相对价格。为进一步研究制造业不同行业的异质性,将27个目标行业划分为高碳行业和低碳行业,研究这两种不同类型的行业组在受到气候政策规制时对相关指标的影响。研究显示:无论是低碳行业还是高碳行业,碳减排政策都有助于提升产出水平,但对这两类行业能源消耗的影响不同,其中高碳行业在受到碳价冲击时会增加资本要素的投入水平,以替代原有的能源要素需求;而低碳行业并没有显著减少对能源要素的需求。     

有偏技术进步、要素替代与中国制造业成本——基于30个行业面板数据的研究

随着中国制造业劳动工资和能源价格不断上涨,过去依靠成本优势获得的竞争力正在逐渐减弱。基于要素替代的框架构建了包含中性和有偏技术进步的KLEM超越对数成本函数模型,利用中国制造业30个行业2001-2010年数据进行分析后发现:第一,总体上除劳动和能源互补以及能源与中间品关系不确定外,其余各要素均呈替代关系;第二,不同来源的技术进步对成本的节约效应不同;第三,中国制造业的确存在技术偏向,其中R&D更倾向于资本增强型和偏向型技术进步,而FDI更倾向于能源、劳动增强型和偏向型技术进步。     

对我国制造业的能源替代关系研究

本文运用超越对数成本函数对我国1978-2005年制造业中的能源与资本、劳动之间的关系进行了分析,发现能源与资本之间存在很强的替代关系,能源与劳动之间也存在较强的替代关系.这种性质的替代关系的存在意味着:在保持给定的产出水平下,政府可以选择提高能源税收水平的政策,从而提高能源使用成本,促进资本对能源替代,达到节约能源和减少污染物排放的目的.     

能源异质性及其与资本替代的非对称效应研究

以超越对数成本函数及弹性分析模型为基础,对1995~2013年中国制造业分行业典型能源消费与资本的替代弹性和替代特征进行分析,发现煤炭、电力、石油与资本之间的替代强度及方向存在显著差异。并运用MES弹性模型分析表明,受控于要素价格变化触发的来源不同,制造业整体表现出资本替代能源、能源互补资本的反向非对称特征,在资本密集型行业与劳动密集型行业中替代的方向与大小亦存在显著的非对称性。这种替代非对称效应表明,中国现阶段实现制造业整体节能及推动节能技术使用的路径适用性上,可以考虑借力于资本替代能源的视角。但是,在综合各类能源研究工业能源政策时,必须充分考虑行业能源消费类型不同及与资本替代的异质性差异和非对称效应的存在,才能使得产业能源政策制定具有针对性和有效性。     

当前通货膨胀对我国经济的影响

一、通货膨胀对我国生产发展的影响。首先,我国的通胀表现为能源、原材料等进口产品价格的上涨和劳动、土地、物流等成本的上升,这些产品的价格上涨和成本的增加明显快于下游制成品价格的上升,从而增加企业的生产     

中国经济增长与就业非一致性的成因分析——基于要素配置扭曲的视角

我国长期存在要素配置扭曲,具体表现为资本要素配置扭曲、土地要素配置扭曲、劳动要素配置扭曲和能源要素配置扭曲。这对劳动力就业造成了不利的影响:一是资本要素向国有企业集中导致国有部门的就业竞争日益激烈;二是土地要素向非农产业集中导致失地农民问题更加严峻;三是劳动要素向低薪酬领域集中导致民工荒问题时隐时现;四是能源要素向重化工业集中导致能源替代劳动的强度增大。对此,我国必须理顺资本使用价格、工业用地价格、能源使用价格,使经济增长模式真正由资本驱动和资源驱动转变到技术驱动和劳动力驱动上来。     

双循环视角下要素市场化配置、产业结构转型与劳动生产率增长

促进产业结构升级和生产率提高是推动中国经济高质量发展的重要内容，深化要素市场化改革为此提供了一个有效政策着力点。本文提出，准确把握要素市场化配置的影响，不仅应当重视不同要素的错配程度及其影响存在显著差异，深化要素市场化改革应重点突出、统筹推进，而且必须坚持系统观念，从国内国际双循环视角充分评估改革通过改进要素配置效率进而增强产业比较优势的经济机制。本文建立了一个内生国际贸易结构的多部门一般均衡模型，其中纳入了要素市场存在摩擦和结构差异、内外需的产业构成存在差别并且内生演化等中国经济特征。研究发现，降低高技能劳动、低技能劳动和资本在不同产业之间的流动成本可以有效提升制造业比重、增强制造业出口比较优势和提高劳动生产率；提高资本和低技能劳动市场化配置程度的影响最大，其次是高技能劳动；资本和高技能劳动市场化改革的重点应为降低制造业和服务业间的流动成本，促进更高比例的资本和高技能劳动从服务业流向制造业；低技能劳动市场化改革的重点应为降低农业和非农业间的流动成本，促进更高比例的低技能劳动从农业流向非农业。     

科技进步与甘肃医药制造业经济增长的实证研究

文章基于1990—2012年甘肃医药制造业的相关数据,运用C-D生产函数和索罗余值方程,分别计算出资本、劳动、科技进步对甘肃医药制造业产出增长的贡献率。结果表明:科技进步对甘肃医药制造业产出增长的贡献率仅为23.8%;甘肃医药制造业目前尚未达到规模经济阶段,狭小的市场规模使医药制造业无法充分发挥专业化分工、规模收益递增效应。文章最后提出了协同创新、承接产业转移等对策。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.