美国双边经济援助的政策与实践

美国是世界上提供官方发展援助最多的国家。1984年,美国官方援助(不含军事援助)达84亿美元,占全世界官方援助总额的24%,其中双边援助约达50亿美元。对于美国来说,提供官方援助不但可以加强美国在世界各地的利益,加速美国的经济增长而且还能支持受援国和地区的政治稳定。美国双边援助的基本方针一、美国双边援助的政策依据及战略措     

瑞典的对外援助及其管理

瑞典是当今发达国家中对发展中国家援助最多的国家之一。近期,瑞典的官方发展援助战略和政策以及管理实施了一系列改革,最突出的是为了提高援助有效性而采取的项目导向型和结果导向型援助方式。本文分析了新世纪瑞典官方发展援助的战略和政策、总量和分配、组织和管理等方面的情况,并对其援助有效性进行评价。     

日本援外的公共宣传:经验与借鉴

日本官方发展援助（ODA）无论是其规模还是效果都处于西方发达国家前列,在日本整体外交和国家战略中发挥着重要作用。日本政府十分重视对外援助的信息披露和宣传工作,据经合组织发展援助委员会（DAC／OECD）的一份评估报告称,     

从三大货币国际化经验看人民币国际化的可能途径

一、货币国际化条件货币可分为不可兑换货币、可兑换货币、自由兑换货币、国际货币、世界货币这五个层次。货币国际化就是货币由国内货币向国际货币的过渡。一国货币被用作国际货币,其职能与其作为一国国内货币的职能有所不同,在官方领域往往被用作钉住货币、储备货币、干预货币,在私人领域常被用作贸易结算货币、外汇周转货币、金融投资货币及在国外流通使用的替代货币。一国货币的国际化主要取决于该国的经济实力、该国中央银行对本币国际化的态度以及在位国际货币对本币国际化的影响等因素。衡量一国经济实力的主要指标是该国GDP在世界…     

日本对华发展援助政策调整解读

在国际关系的理论研究和实际操作中，官方发展援助（0mcial Development Assistance）以其官方背景、政府行为、战略目的等一系列特点，一直是国外援助研究的重要对象。通过分析日本对华发展援助的特点以及冷战后其战略的几次调整，揭示日本对中国积极推行ODA政策的深层次原因和目的。当今世界格局下，中日关系对亚太地区的影响非常重大，因此，研究长期以来日本对外援助理念对于正确理解和处理中日关系有着重要的意义。     

援助数额增加 实施效果欠佳——对日本援外实绩的评价

1989年日本对发展中国家的官方发展援助数额首次超过美国,引起了经合组织成员国及发展中国家对日本援助的关注。然而日本援助数额的增加却没有得到国际社会的广泛赞誉,相反人们对日本近年来的援助实绩仍然是贬多褒少,其原因何在? 一、日本对外援助的现状1988年日本提出了为期5年的官方发展援助翻番目际,计划迄1992年将官方发展援助的规模由5年前的250亿美元,增至500亿美元,即年均援助额为100亿美元。1991年日本对外发展援助预算超过100亿美元,官方发展援助占整个援助预算的比重增加极为显著。按1989年不变价格计算,1988—1991年日本官方发展援助的年均增长率达6%以上。     

人民币国际化

2016年10月1日,人民币在新货币篮子的权重正式生效.2017年4(婴)1日,IMF在官方全球外汇储备数据中将人民币单列出来,宣告人民币成全球储备货币,这意味着人民币国际化又向前迈出了一大步.本文将重点阐述人民币国际化的现状,结合人民币国际化的利弊分析,给出人民币国际化发展的具体建议.     

欧盟对外援助政策及管理体系北大核心CSSCISSCI

欧盟包括其27个成员国提供了全世界超过一半的官方发展援助;欧盟也是经合组织发展援助委员会成员中唯一既是援助者又是组织者的多边机构。本文从欧盟对外援助的战略和政策、概况、组织与管理及援助有效性等方面,深入研究欧盟的对外援助及其管理21世纪以来的新变化,并对其援助的有效性进行分析。     

欧盟对外援助政策及管理体系

欧盟包括其27个成员国提供了全世界超过一半的官方发展援助;欧盟也是经合组织发展援助委员会成员中唯一既是援助者又是组织者的多边机构。本文从欧盟对外援助的战略和政策、概况、组织与管理及援助有效性等方面,深入研究欧盟的对外援助及其管理21世纪以来的新变化,并对其援助的有效性进行分析。     

加拿大官方发展援助的政策和特点

加拿大官方发展援助的政策和特点蔡玲明（外经贸部国际经济合作研究所）加拿大的对外援助在其对外政策和国际经贸关系中占有特殊位置。随着国际和国内形势的发展．加拿大经常调整和更新其援助方案。８０年代末，加拿大制定了《共享未来》的援助战略，并再次修改了援助方案...     

Foreign Aid in the Aftermath of Large Natural Disasters

This paper examines Official Development Assistance (ODA) in the aftermath of large natural disasters between 1970 and 2008. Using an event‐study approach, the paper finds that while the median increase in ODA is 18% compared with pre‐disaster flows, the typical surge is small in relation to the size of the affected economies. Moreover, aid surges typically cover only 3% of the total estimated economic damages caused by the disasters. The main determinants of post‐disaster aid surges are found to be the intensity of the event itself and the recipient country's characteristics such as the level of development, country size and the stock of foreign reserves. The paper does not find evidence that political considerations or strategic behavior on the part of donors determine the size of post‐disaster aid surges.     

China's Foreign Aid at a Transitional Stage

By estimating China's foreign aid as a proxy for China's bilateral Official Development Assistance and by analyzing its implementation structure and policy, this paper sheds some light on China's foreign aid activities, which have been at a transitional stage. Based on our estimates, the level of foreign aid in terms of net disbursement has increased sharply since 2004, reaching around US$7.1 billion in 2013. Some measures to strengthen the implementation structure to deal with this expansion have been introduced by the central government; however, this transition process needs more time. To facilitate this process, China is attempting to absorb knowhow on development assistance from multilateral institutions and Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's Development Assistance Committee countries that are eager to share their knowledge, with the expectation that China will eventually play a major role in international development.     

When does more aid imply less democracy? An empirical examination

Foreign aid flows have increased considerably during the last decades, targeting, apart from development objectives, goals related to democracy. In this paper we investigate whether aid has affected the political regime of recipient countries. To this end, we use annual data on Net Official Development Assistance covering 64 aid-recipients. Because of data limitations, we cover the 1967-2002 period. We find that aid flows decreased the likelihood of observing a democratic regime in a recipient country. This effect is sensitive to economic and social conditions. The negative relation between aid and democracy is moderated when aid flows are preceded by economic liberalization. Aid from the U.S. has a non-significant effect on the political regime of recipients.     

Foreign aid preferences and perceptions in donor countries

We present original survey data on preferences for foreign aid in 24 donor countries from 2005 to 2008. On publicly-funded foreign aid (Official Development Assistance, or ODA), we find patterns that are consistent with a standard model of democratic policy formation, in which donations are treated as a pure public good. Controlling for perceptions of current ODA, we show that individual preferences for ODA are (i) negatively correlated with relative income within a country-year; and (ii) positively correlated with inequality at the country level. We extend the analysis to explain variation in the gap between desired aid and actual ODA, arguing that lobbying by high-income special interest groups can divert resources away from the median voter’s preferred level of aid. Consistent with this, we observe that ODA is significantly lower where policymakers are more susceptible to lobbying. Finally, we present a novel test of competing “crowding out” hypotheses. Self-reported private aid donations are negatively correlated with actual ODA, and positively correlated with perceived ODA. This finding is consistent with an emerging argument in the literature, whereby ODA crowds out private aid by enabling charities to forego fundraising activities and crowds in private aid through a signaling channel.     

Extending the economics of disorganization

Many of the states of the former Soviet Union have experienced a dramatic collapse of output during transition, which has not yet been reversed in a sustainable way. The economics of disorganization, proposed by Blanchard (1997) and tested empirically by Blanchard and Kremer (1997), reasons that this phenomenon can be explained by specificity of inputs and the breakdown of traditional domestic supply linkages. We replicate the Blanchard-Kremer study for Ukraine and Kazakhstan, and also find that longer and more complex domestic supply chains are associated with greater reductions in output. When we extend their analysis to incorporate measures of the complexity of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) trade and non-CIS trade however, we find that complexity of non-CIS trade is the significant factor in explaining the output collapse. We therefore argue that the disintegration of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the requirement of hard currency trade, are equally, if not more, significant in explaining the output declines experienced by Ukraine and Kazakhstan.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Urban Transport Economics —Edited by D. A. Hensher
Development Research in Australia: Problems and Prospects. By Helen Hughes. (Australian Development Assistance Agency, Canberra, 1976)
Structural Change in Australia. Industries Assistance Commission, Canberra. (AGPS, Canberra 1977)
Structural Change in Economic Interdependence , Industries Assistance Commission, Canberra. (AGPS, Canberra 1977)
Some Issues in Structural Adjustment , Industries Assistance Commission, Canberra
Patterns in Household Demand and Saving. By Constantino Lluch, Alan A. Powell and Ross A. Williams. (Oxford University Press, 1977)
From Derby Round to Burketown: The A.U.S.N. Story. By N. L. McKellar. (University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1977)
Administrative Federalism: Selected Documents in Australian Intergovernmental Relations. Compiled and edited by Kenneth W. Wiltshire. (University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1977)     

The Dynamic Effect of Devaluation on the Balance of Payments of a Small Debt-Ridden Open Economy*

This paper derives a precise necessary and sufficient condition for devaluation to eventually improve the balance of payments in domestic currency, using assumptions more appropriate for a small open economy than those of Marshall-Lerner. It will be shown that, following devaluation, the balance of payments deteriorates over a short period before it gradually improves– the so-called J-curve effect The duration of this short period will be shown to depend on the magnitude of trade elasticities, lag-coefficients, unhedged foreign debt denominated in foreign currency, interest rate and current account deficit     

The International Politics of Reactive Currency Statecraft: Japan’s Reaction to the Rise of the Chinese Renminbi

This study analyses how a state’s reactive currency statecraft – its strategic reaction to an international currency issued by a foreign state – is shaped, by devoting special attention to its broad foreign policy stance towards the state issuing that international currency, with a main empirical focus on the Japanese case with regard to the Chinese renminbi. This research argues that a state uses its policy related to a foreign international currency as a diplomatic means of managing its political relationship with the state issuing that currency, while also showing that in general most market actors are not greatly interested in their governments’ policies regarding foreign international currencies, especially those that are newly internationalising ones. This study finds as well that the conventional notion of ‘competition’ between international currencies does not necessarily affect a state’s reactive currency statecraft, even if its own currency is a major international one. All of this suggests that the inter-state politics between the state issuing an international currency and foreign states does have a crucial impact on the currency’s international use, especially during its early stages of internationalisation. It also implies that a state’s reactive currency statecraft can be fluid, depending upon the directions of its foreign policy.     

China as Number One: How about the Renminbi?

Using simulations projecting Chinese economic growth into the future, this paper first examines when China will overtake the USA to become the largest economy. Demographic changes that affect economic growth are taken into consideration in these projections. China is expected to become number one sometime in the mid-2020s, unless its growth rate of gross domestic product per worker declines dramatically, à la the lost decade of Japan. Next, the paper examines whether China becoming the number one economy will mean its currency, the renminbi (RMB), will become the international key currency. According to the basket currency regressions during the period that Chinese currency was gradually appreciating against the US dollar from July 2005 to August 2008, it is shown that the RMB has already acquired a strong influence on the Asian currencies. This shows that the RMB is fast gaining the status of a regional anchor currency for a possible regional joint float. As the Chinese government proceeds with internationalization of its currency, the RMB is expected to gain in the ranking of other aspects of international currency, such as the store of value and the medium of exchange.     

Orientation and community participation of ecological development： a case study of Hutuo River in Shijiazhuang City, China

Entrusted to by Shijiazhuang municipal Party committee and government,Shanghai Tongji University finished ＂The General Planning of Ecological Development Project of Hutuo River in Shijiazhuang City＂.It aims to build Hutuo River into a wind-breaking and sand-fixing barrier and ecological protect district in the north of Shijiazhuang based on the recovery of natural ecology to improve the environment of Shijiazhuang city.It also intends to develop the district lightly and build it into a nature beauty spot and big park.After the construction for several years,the general environment of this district has been greatly improved.But during the development,the man-made landscapes are highlighted excessively,which deviates from the construction of nature landscape.The currency of constructing big leisure park gradually comes into being,so the recovery of nature ecological is slow.So,this paper intends to make the orientation to ecological development of Hutuo River in Shijiazhuang city and puts forward the community participation to promote the future development of ecotourism in Shijiazhuang.