Trade Liberalization in Egypt

A computable general equilibrium model of Egypt is developed to analyze proposed reforms in its trade policies, including a partnership agreement with the European Union. The model has multiple trading regions and allows for administrative trade barriers and tariffs. The paper reports computations of the revenue impacts of trade liberalization and the required changes in distortionary commodity taxes to maintain a fixed real government budget. Egypt's greatest potential gains come from removing its administrative trade barriers while adopting globally free trade. The partnership agreement with the EU could lower or raise Egypt's welfare, depending on prior trade reform.     

Trade Liberalization and Technology Diffusion

The paper considers the role of technology diffusion and trade liberalization for the catching‐up of structurally backward countries. A New Economic Geography model is presented that accounts for firm entry/exit and international mobility of skilled labor employed in public R&D sectors. This raises the traditional agglomeration effects in a core–periphery setting as firms and mobile factors usually cluster within spatial agglomerations. With international technology diffusion, however, there is a counteracting effect on the traditional agglomeration effects as firms in the periphery also benefit from increasing R&D expenditures in the core lowering entry costs for firms. It is found that the catching‐up of structurally backward countries is spurred not only as a result of trade integration but also because of technology diffusion.     

Why Environmentalists Resist Trade Liberalization

We build a two-country differential game model of polluting oligopoly to consider the effects of trade liberalization. As in static models, the opening of trade promotes competition but expands global pollution. Characterizing open-loop and feedback strategies, we derive a sufficient condition for losses from trade. This losses-from-trade proposition could provide a rationale for persistent resistance to globalization by environmentalists.     

Trade Liberalization and Technology Choice

This paper considers the links between trade liberalization and technology choice in the nonliberalizing country. Trade‐liberalization‐induced changes in relative product prices have direct effects on equilibrium relative factor returns. The consequent changes in relative input costs may also lead producers to switch to alternative technologies, which will in turn induce a further indirect change in relative factor returns. Will this indirect affect exacerbate or ameliorate the direct effect on relative factor returns? It is found that this depends on the relative cost savings across sectors and factor cost shares.     

Trade Liberalization and Cartel Stability

Can reduced trade barriers promote a collusive understanding about not exporting into each others domestic markets? Reduced trade costs increase the short‐run gains from starting exporting, but can also make the long‐run punishment of such a strategy harsher. If collusion on prices is supported by a trigger strategy, a reduction in trade costs weakens competition in the sense that collusion is easier to sustain. In a corresponding model with collusion on quantities, this conclusion is reversed. The authors also discuss how results change if grim trigger strategies are replaced by stick‐and‐carrot punishments.     

Endogenous Growth and Trade Liberalization

We develop an endogenous growth model in which trade liberalization has a positive effect on growth. This effect does not depend on marginal re-allocations nor on knowledge-spillovers. Rather, it is due solely to the increase in market size following the integration of product markets. Our result contradicts a widely-help view that trade on physical goodsper sehas no consequences for long-run growth.[F15]     

论异质性厂商下的贸易自由化

1．引言近十年的经验研究表明,标准的新贸易理论对于同质厂商的假设忽略了许多现实的重要因素。例如,并非所有的厂商都在贸易部门进行贸易,而且同一部门内的出口厂商的生产力一般要高于该部门的非出口厂商(A．W,Chung和Roberts 2000,Bernard和Jensen 1995,1999a,b,2001；Clerides,Lach和Tybout 1998；Eaton,Kortum和Kramarz 2004；参见Tybout 2003 for a survey)。     

浅析《服务贸易总协定》的逐步自由化思想

由于国际服务贸易相对国际货物贸易而言的特质性 ,世界贸易组织将国际服务贸易纳入《服务贸易总协定》规范的多边规则框架下 ,《服务贸易总协定》的最大创新在于确立国际服务贸易的逐步自由化目标。文章具体分析了其逐步自由化思想的体现 ,并分别通过对服务贸易的特殊性和在规模经济、不完全市场和生产要素可流动假定下的服务贸易自由化福利 ,分析解释了《服务贸易总协定》逐步自由化思想的原理。     

Preferential Trade Liberalization Under Cournot Competition

Suppose a country imports a homogeneous good from n foreign countries/producers and wants to eliminate tariffs on imports from m < n of them. If foreign producers differ in their marginal costs, which ones will be among the m that are granted free trade? This paper shows, among other things, that under constant marginal cost and fairly general assumptions about demand it will be the least efficient producers.     

贸易自由化对我国环境状况的影响

加入WTO以后，我国与其他国家的贸易将进一步自由化，本将探讨由此将给我国环境带来的可能后果以及我国应采取的对策。笔认为贸易自由化主要是通过规模效应、结构效应及技术创新等作用对一国的环境产生影响。应利用贸易自由化有利于环境的因素，限制不利于环境的因素，使我国的环境状况得到优化。     

Towards an Economic Approach to Imperfect Meritocracy

In this paper imperfect meritocracy is defined as the appointment in the public sector of unsuitable (in the sense of merit) individuals for political reasons. After discussing the possible causes for the emergence of an imperfect meritocracy framework, the paper then sets the basis for an economic analysis of typical politicians' behaviour in such a framework. After deriving the demand for political appointments, the analysis verifies the intuitive insight that the number of political appointments falls when politicians are competent. Another main result is that the more votes an appointment carries through relatives and friends, the greater the demand for political appointments. Finally, it is shown that the demand for political appointments increases when taxation and the price index increase and that it falls when income increases.     

Trade Liberalization and Environmental Regulation on International Transportation

Incorporating pollution emissions from international transportation into a model of strategic trade and environmental policies, we investigate the effect of trade liberalization and environmental regulation on national welfare and the environment. Our model includes imperfectly competitive markets for international transportation and final products. We find that trade liberalization may reduce each country's welfare unless some level of environmental regulation on international transportation is in place. When international trade is liberalized initially, a mutual increase in the common emission tax rates may improve each country's welfare. However, when international trade is highly protected initially, imposing an emission tax may reduce welfare.     

Pollution Policy and Trade Liberalization of Environmental Goods

During the Doha Round at the World Trade Organization, reductions in trade barriers on environmental goods (EG) were put forward as a means of helping developed and developing countries alike deal with current environmental problems. We examine the potential effectiveness of such a strategy in a developing country that imports all its consumption of EG from an imperfectly competitive foreign eco-industry. We point out that trade liberalization of EG might in fact lead to less stringent pollution taxes, which can result in an actual rise in pollution levels. We then show that the environmental effectiveness objective of this trade reform can be achieved when the regulator uses quantitative abatement standards as an alternative pollution policy instrument. However, this environmental achievement comes at the expense of social welfare.     

贸易自由化与中国制造企业服务化

在国际贸易自由化的背景下,我国企业面临着较大的生存压力.探讨企业在这种贸易环境下生存发展的一种途径,即在其业务结构中增加服务供应的比重,从而更好地适应市场的变化,这被称为制造业的服务化.利用上市制造企业数据的计量结果表明,较低的制造业进口关税导致企业从商品生产转向服务供应,贸易自由化推动并实现了我国企业转型.而通过机制分析还发现,在关税降低的背景下,制造企业将其生产活动进行海外外包并非是其实现服务化转型的关键,企业研发能力的打造才是贸易自由化背景下推动企业业务模式变革的重要影响因素,由于研发强度本身就是企业比较优势的来源,因此这也符合赫克歇尔-俄林的理论机制.     

Long-run Effects on China of APEC Trade Liberalization

Plans for trade liberalization within the Asia–Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) Forum include the elimination of all tariffs between member states. The study in this paper uses two computable general equilibrium models to examine the effects of these plans, focusing on China. The modelling shows that liberalization increases China's capital stock and real GDP. The implication for Chinese industries depends on the extent to which liberalization exposes them to additional import competition. Industries strongly stimulated include textiles and communications equipment. Transport equipment is the most adversely affected. Chinese regional results follow from the industrial compositions of the regions, with Zhejiang the most favourably affected and Jilin the least.     

贸易自由化、产出结构与产出水平

外资流入劳动密集型产业虽然直接地避免了转轨初期产业结构之存量调整,但这还不是问题的全部,更重要的是,外资流入提高了均衡状态下资本密集型产业的比重,这又起到了避免转轨初期产业结构之存量调整的作用。对于转轨国家来说,资本流入具有增量调整之功效,而产品国际间流动则加剧转轨初期产业结构之存量调整。改革开放以来中国经济的持续高速增长可能得益于大规模的资本流入和产品市场的逐步开放的策略。     

市场结构，贸易自由化和GATS

原载:European Journal0f Political Economy Vol.595(2001)[《欧洲政治经济学杂志》2001年第595卷]一、概述自建立以来,多边贸易体系一直只关注货物贸易。因此,从1947到东京回合,服务在历次的贸易谈判中都未曾提及。乌拉圭回合及其后世界贸易组织的成立,改变了这种状况。通过服务贸易总协定(GATS),他们将服务引进并纳入到多边贸易体系中。然而,实际的自由化程度一直相对较低,GATS的许多减让表还只是简单地停留在承诺上(或者连承诺都谈不上)。所以人们普遍认为服务部门的自由化仍有很大的发展空间。本文关心的是服务部门自由化的解析…     

发展中国家如何分享服务贸易自由化的利益

2 0世纪 80年代中后期出现的世界服务贸易自由化趋势 ,一方面 ,推动了发展中国家经济效益的进一步提高 ;另一方面 ,也严重影响了发展中国家的经济安全。发展中国家应当根据自身的特点 ,循序渐进地融入服务贸易自由化进程 ,在壮大传统优势服务项目的基础上 ,重点扶植技术密集型服务贸易的发展。     

再论东亚模式

论文依据辩证唯物史观,分析了“东亚模式”出现的历史背景,全面论述了模式的实质,评价了这个模式的功过,并着重探讨了由权威主义向现代民主过渡的条件与历史必然。