用户基础、网络分享与企业边界决定

互联网的出现和应用带来新经济的迅速发展,互联网应用于企业的一个显著特征是使相关企业及其产品获得某种程度的网络外部性。网络外部性的存在有可能改变产品的用户基础或者再造企业采购、工艺流程以及强化营销服务网络,进而使企业的现有边界发生动态调整。基于用户基础的模型表明,网络效应的存在,扩大了两企业进行合作的空间,因此,在某种程度上扩大了企业的横向边界。而引入网络分享因素后,在一定条件下某些上游企业将有积极性创造新的营销系统,从而导致了企业纵向边界的调整变化。     

并购双方企业战略的整合管理研究

由于企业并购后的外部竞争环境和内部资源条件都会发生很大的变化,就必须对企业原有的战略意图进行调整,并据此对并购双方的战略进行整合.文章分析了战略演进的路径依赖特征,阐述了并购双方战略整合的内容,并构建了并购双方企业战略的整合模式.     

谈企业并购战略--杠杆收购

本文主要阐述了企业并购战略－杠杆收购的操作过程，益处，应具备的条件以及在我国的发展前景。     

我国企业并购的现状分析与对策研究

在当今世界的并浪潮中，我国企业并购活动也获得了迅猛发展，但在操作实践中存在许多问题和不规范行为，影响了并购活动的经济效果。本文通过分析我国企业并购的现状以及并购活动效率低下的原因，提出了一些在企业并购中应采取的战略，以求有利于我国企业并购的发展。     

托管制在公司并购中的应用

托管制是90年代在德国首先出现的一种新型的企业重组技术，托管不是并购，但是如果能够对各托管主体的责、权、利进行合理界定，利用托管来解决并购融资，利用托管实现并购是有可能的。 托管是指企业的所有者通过契约的形式在一定条件下和一定时期内，将本企业的财产权的部分或全部让度给具有较强管理水平，较强经济实力并能承担相应风险的受托方，从而实现财产处置权的有条件转移。其目的是在不改变或暂不改变原先产权属性的情况下，通过委托管理，让受托人进行企业资源的重组和流动，实现资源优化配置，从而谋取企业资产有效、合理的回报…     

中国企业海外并购中的人力资源整合对策

近年来,在风起云涌的海外并购浪潮中,公司的并购环境和竞争趋势发生了显著的变化,战略并购逐步占据主导地位。通过并购获取技术,人才等知识资源成为并购的主要导向,越来越多的企业家开始关注人力资源整合。本文分析了中国企业海外并购中人力资源整合失败的各种原因,并提出有效的整合对策。     

企业并购后整合的边界分析

整体来说 ,企业并购整合过程中必须保持内部的各种边界 ,以利于使整合过程顺利进行 ,根据不同情况可以确定不同的整合内部边界 ,但必须以整合战略计划为依据 ,并且随着整合进展情况不断调整计划 ,相应地不断地弱化整合的内部边界 ,使两家公司融合在一起。     

跨国并购的风险及其控制的主要途径

国际上许多著名的大型跨国企业在其成长的过程中无不是通过大规模跨国并购而迅速壮大起来的。但在这种购并的过程中以及购并之后却有很多风险。因为跨国并购比起国内并购来实务操作程序更复杂 ,而且受不确定性因素的干扰也更大 ,因而购并失败的可能性也更多。一、跨国并购面临的主要风险1.决策者在战略上的失误造成的决策风险跨国并购是一种对外直接投资行为 ,也是公司发展的战略行为。如果高层决策人对本公司整个发展战略没有一个清晰的框架结构和清醒的认识 ,跨国并购不是出于战略需要 ,而是由于偶然的因素而突然对目标企业产生兴趣 ,或是…     

企业并购中的人力资源整合

企业并购是现代企业成长和扩张的重要途径,人则是企业并购成功的关键因素。实现企业并购的战略目标必须对并购企业间的核心人力资源进行战略整合。本文试从构建竞争优势、具体操作实践两个问题出发,对企业并购过程中人力资源整合的几个问题加以阐释。     

试述企业并购中的风险防范

<正> 并购(Mcrgcrs and Acquisitions,M&A),在英美等国作为一个固定词组来使用,是一个内涵十分丰富的概念,通常包括兼并、合并、收购以及接管等。在我国,并购是指一家或数家企业通过购买、股份转让、资产置换等形式,实现资产、股权的有偿转让,从而形成产权交易,导致企业控制权转移,通常由一家占优势的企业获得一家或数家企业的控制权。并购以企业实际控制权的转移为发生的标志,以产权的变更为实际内容,是企业实现资本集中、规模扩张、增强竞争力的手段,体现了社会资源在不同产业、不同部门的重新配置。企业并购是市场经济条件下一种优胜劣汰的机制。     

信息技术应用与企业边界的变动

信息技术通过节约企业的内部生产成本和市场协调成本影响企业边界的变动,而变动的方向则受到企业组织特征的影响。对于资本密集型企业来说,其组织特征有利于应用信息技术后更显著节约内部生产成本,从而边界朝扩大的方向发生变动;而对于知识密集型企业来说,其组织特征有利于应用信息技术后更显著节约市场协调成本,从而边界朝缩小的方向发生变动。     

Envy,comparison costs,and the economic theory of the firm

An economic theory of the firm must explain both when firms supplant markets and when markets supplant firms. While theories of when markets fail are well developed, the extant literature provides a less than adequate explanation of why and when hierarchies fail and of actions managers take to mitigate such failure. In this article, we seek to develop a more complete theory of the firm by theorizing about the causes and consequences of organizational failure. Our theory focuses on the concept of social comparison costs that arise through social comparison processes and envy. While transaction costs in the market provide an impetus to move activities inside the boundaries of the firm, we argue that envy and resulting social comparison costs motivate moving activities outside the boundary of the firm. More specifically, our theory provides an explanation for ‘managerial’ diseconomies of both scale and scope—arguments that are independent from traditional measurement, rent seeking, and competency arguments—that provides new insights into the theory of the firm. In our theory, hierarchies fail as they expand in scale because social comparison costs imposed on firms escalate and hinder the capacity of managers to optimally structure incentives and production. Further, hierarchy fails as a firm expands in scope for the simple reason that the costs of differentially structuring compensation within the firm to match the increasing diversity of activities also rises with increasing scope. In addition, we explore how social comparison costs influence the design of the firm through selection of production technologies and compensation structures within the firm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有限外部化:技术进步对企业边界的影响

本文从技术进步的角度动态地研究企业组织边界的变动。通过理论上论证快速的技术进步对内部组织治理与外部交易活动的影响，我们认为快速的技术进步既增大了企业内部化的不确定性，也导致了市场交易费用的降低。但是，由于技术进步并不能完全消除市场交易活动中的不确定性，所以，我们提出了在快速的技术变革条件下，企业边界变动是有限外部化的理论假设。并选择了1998—2002年间我国各省市区高新技术产业发展与外包活动作为一个分析案例，验证的结果有力地支持了我们提出的理论假设。     

The Effects of Business-to-Business E-Commerce on Transaction Costs

This paper studies transaction costs changes arising from the introduction of the Internet in transactions between firms. We divide transaction costs into coordination costs and motivation costs. We classify coordination efficiencies into three categories: process improvements, marketplace benefits, and indirect improvements. For motivation costs, we focus on informational asymmetries. We apply this framework to internal data from an Internet-based firm to measure process improvements, marketplace benefits, and motivation costs. Our results suggest potentially large process improvements and marketplace benefits. We find little evidence that informational asymmetries are more important in the electronic marketplace than in the existing physical ones.     

When e-mail becomes junk mail: The welfare implications of the advancement of communications technology

This paper examines the negative externality imposed by a direct marketing firm on the consumers who must spend time reading and processing the advertising they receive from that firm. A model is developed to show that with low communication costs, a firm would send out more unsolicited advertising messages than would be desired by consumers and a social welfaremaximizing planner. The optimal Pigovian tax to eliminate the problem of excessive message sending is then derived. The extent of the problem in a number of media, including direct mail, telemarketing, and the Internet, is briefly examined.     

论企业边界的两重性

长期以来，学者们对企业边界的研究视角始终放在企业的规模上，难以对企业边界的复杂变动情况作出合理的解释。本文认为，企业的边界具有两重属性，一是由土地、劳动、资本等有形资源决定的规模边界，二是由知识、技术等无形资源决定的能力边界。能力边界是企业边界的核心属性，它的变动决定了规模边界的变动方向。借助这一新的分析思路，本文对当前企业边界的多样化变动趋势进行了讨论，试图给出更合理的解释。     

基于技术接受模型的网络口碑接受研究

在互联网比较普及的环境下,传统口碑借助网络媒介表现为新的形式——网络口碑。消费者接触网络机会大大增加,网络口碑对消费者购买行为的影响也越来越明显。商家为了利用网络口碑来促进销售,必须了解网络口碑传播过程。消费者网络口碑接受是网络口碑营销成功的前提。在分析技术接受模型理论和网络口碑文献的基础上,构建了基于TAM的网络口碑接受模型。该模型包括网络口碑接受影响因素的三个构面：个人特征构面;网络口碑感知构面;网络口碑来源构面。并对三个构面所包括的7个变量及其相关关系作了介绍。     

Choosing an optimal channel mix in multichannel environments

In the last two decades, particularly with the advent of the Internet, multichannel strategies have come to the fore in business-to-business marketing. Multichannel strategies allow firms to reach customers in multiple ways, increasing the firms' reach. In addition, multichannels allow customers to reach businesses by using their preferred channel (e.g., Internet, salesforce, or value-added reseller). The advantages of reaching increasing number of customers through multiple channels (e.g., sales, trial, profit) are partially offset by two potential negative effects of multiple channels. First, multiple channels create conflict that may dissuade some channels' members from carrying the firm's product. Second, with an increase in the number of channels carrying the product, the sales derived from each new channel drops making it difficult for a firm to recover its costs. Based on these considerations, the paper provides a framework that will allow firms to develop optimal channel mix in multichannel environments. We test the framework in the context of a software firm and provide academic and managerial implications.     

网络口碑传播理论基础研究

企业通过网络口碑营销对网络口碑传播实施引导,以提升企业形象和增加效益。针对传播不同层次,提出了顾客体验理论、长尾理论、六度分隔理论、虚拟社区理论、传播过程理论、归因理论、技术接受模型理论等七个网络口碑传播的理论基础,以期对网络口碑传播的研究与实践提供参考。     

Obtaining indirect internet access: An examination how reasons for internet non-use relate to proxy internet use

Internet non-use is increasingly concentrated in vulnerable groups of people, especially among ageing populations and those with low socio-economic status. As participation in society becomes largely dependent on use of internet-enabled technologies, internet non-users may seek alternative ways of using the internet. Proxy internet use (PIU), where internet non-users ask internet users to perform online activities on their behalf, is a strategy for obtaining (indirect) internet access. This study examines factors for engagement in PIU, focusing specifically on how non-users’ reasons for disengagement relate to their engagement in PIU. The results from multivariate analyses of survey data from a nation-wide representative sample show that 47% of internet non-users in Slovenia who report having someone available for PIU in fact engage in PIU. In analysing four types of reasons for internet non-use—those related to interest, access, costs and skills—the results show that access issues are negatively related to engagement in PIU. Conversely, reasons related to skills issues are positively related to engagement in PIU. Considering that access to online services through PIU offers an important degree of digital inclusion, the results of this study have important policy implications. Policy initiatives tackling digital inequalities should be sensible to access and skills issues resulting in disengagement. For example, policies directed at providing and maintaining internet access at a household level may result in non-users’ increased opportunities for PIU. In contrast, skills policies should be directed at creating opportunities for informal and person-centred learning of digital skills, considering that non-users who are more aware of their deficiency in skills might be more aware of online opportunities.