对我国“热钱”监管的几点思考

"热钱"的盈利方式通常包括套利、套汇和赚取资产升值收益,人民币单边升值预期、中美利率倒挂以及资本资产价格上升使得我国成为国际投机资本的绝对热源。"热钱"的流入不仅进一步推高我国资产价格泡沫,加强人民币升值期,增加宏观调控难度,也为我国金融稳定埋下隐患。加强和完善外汇管理、扩大人民币汇率浮动幅度、稳步推进资本项目可兑换有利于减少"热钱"对我国宏观经济金融稳定的不利影响。     

人民币升值及预期对我国资产价格的影响研究——基于日元升值的比较分析

自汇率改革启动以来,资产价格波动剧烈。本文通过史料分析,总结概括出日元升值到日本资产价格泡沫形成及破灭的一个基本轮廓,指出过度宽松货币政策与日本国内经济增长乏力才是造成泡沫的根本原因。在与升值过程中日本与我国宏观经济形势、因应政策对比的基础上,指出我国与日本同期经济发展阶段不同,区域之间的巨大差距与偏低的城市化水平都为中国未来持续增长提供较强动力,加快社会体制改革和市场开放,引导过剩资本流向,即可避免出现巨大的资产价格泡沫。     

升值、通胀和福利分化

人民币升值可以从时间路径和空间路径两个角度来进行研究。在多重的政策目标下，中国目前选择了渐进的升值方式，升值过程中名义汇率与物价水平共同调整。伴随有通货膨胀和资产价格泡沫的升值方式会从增量和存量两个方面改变社会的福利分配，这要求有相应的福利调整措施进行配套，以维护社会的公平和稳定。     

日元升值对日本泡沫经济的影响分析

通过构建一个加入汇率变量的理性泡沫模型,分析日元升值对20世纪末日本泡沫经济的影响。研究发现：当一个金融自由化程度较高的经济体存在经济泡沫的时候,本币的急剧升值不仅会刺激经济泡沫进一步膨胀,而且经济泡沫会随着升值的增加以加速度的方式膨胀。1985年的“广场协议”以及后来世界五大主要经济体联合公开干预外汇市场的行为,直接导致日元大幅度升值。20世纪80年代后半期的日元升值主要通过总体和局部两条闭合路径刺激日本经济泡沫的不断膨胀,日元升值因素是日本泡沫经济形成和扩大的一个重要因素。     

汇率变动对出口产品结构的影响——基于出口产品国内附加值的分析

传统汇率理论研究中对汇率和出口产品结构关系的关注较少。现有研究从理论上提出汇率变动对出口产品结构的影响与不同产品所使用的本国投入(也可称国内附加值)有关,国内附加值越高的产品其相对竞争力将随本币升值而降低,反之亦然。本文通过模型推导验证了这种观点。然而,在中美、中欧双边贸易中,计算机、服装、化肥三种代表性产品出口比重的实际检验结果却与理论研究和模型推导相反。文章最后对这种异常现象进行了讨论,并提出了改进和拓展方向。     

人民币汇改后汇率对不同贸易方式进出口的影响

人民币汇改以来,人民币汇率已升值20％,文章通过实证分析研究人民币升值对不同贸易方式的影响。研究结果表明,人民币升值贸易顺差继续扩大,而加工贸易是我国贸易顺差的主要来源,汇率对一般贸易的影响大于对加工贸易的影响,文章从几个方面分析了原因,并提出了建议。     

汇率升值预期与国内资产市场均衡

本文研究汇率体制转型过程中的资本市场均衡决定,并给出比较静态性质。我们发现,本币升值预期对资产市场的影响不会超过预期货币升值幅度,本币升值速度的提高对资产价格的影响不敏感。在完美的资本市场上,升值预期只会使资产的市盈率一次性上涨,资产升值之后将开始逐步下降,并在升值预期结束时回到长期均衡水平。汇率升值过程的不确定性会增加热钱投机的风险,进而降低资本市场的膨胀程度。提高升值速度未必导致更多的热钱流入,当存在资本流入障碍时,更多热钱流入的条件是资本流动速度对利差的凸性。本文预言的资产价格运动趋势和中国股票市场的表现一致。     

利率扭曲、房产价格与汇率波动北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章在构建一个包含信贷约束、价格粘性和工资粘性的新开放经济动态随机一般均衡(NOEM-DSGE)模型的基础上,运用贝叶斯方法估计模型中的结构参数,考察抵押率冲击、技术冲击和利率冲击对我国房产价格及实际汇率的动态影响。研究发现,一方面,正向的抵押率冲击使得房价上涨,汇率先贬值而后升值,而负向的利率冲击则使得房价上涨,汇率贬值,另一方面,正向的技术冲击则使得房价上涨和汇率升值;此外,我们进一步构建了MS-VAR模型实证研究了自2005年"汇改"以来利率、房价和汇率之间的动态关系。实证结果表明:扭曲的利率冲击导致了房价上涨和汇率贬值同时存在,因此,推动利率市场化改革对于实现我国经济长期均衡健康发展十分必要。     

利率扭曲、房产价格与汇率波动

文章在构建一个包含信贷约束、价格粘性和工资粘性的新开放经济动态随机一般均衡(NOEM-DSGE)模型的基础上,运用贝叶斯方法估计模型中的结构参数,考察抵押率冲击、技术冲击和利率冲击对我国房产价格及实际汇率的动态影响。研究发现,一方面,正向的抵押率冲击使得房价上涨,汇率先贬值而后升值,而负向的利率冲击则使得房价上涨,汇率贬值,另一方面,正向的技术冲击则使得房价上涨和汇率升值;此外,我们进一步构建了MS-VAR模型实证研究了自2005年"汇改"以来利率、房价和汇率之间的动态关系。实证结果表明:扭曲的利率冲击导致了房价上涨和汇率贬值同时存在,因此,推动利率市场化改革对于实现我国经济长期均衡健康发展十分必要。     

关于人民币汇率对中国CPI影响的研究

物价和汇率是开放经济体中两个核心的经济变量，传统理论认为汇率浮动会影响一个的物价水平。本文通过实证研究分析中国人民币汇率对中国物价水平的影响后发现，汇率的升值对于CPI的上涨产生了正的影响。     

Japan's inflation under the Bretton Woods system: How large was the Balassa–Samuelson effect?

Japan's real exchange rate appreciation during the post-WWII manufacturing-led growth period has been regarded as a classical example of the Balassa–Samuelson effect. We choose the most conspicuous sub-period—1956–1970—to confirm the effect. Japan was in a rapid growth period under the U.S. dollar peg (real GDP growth, 9.7% per annum). The nominal anchor was weak as Japan's inflation rate (GDP deflator-based, 5.4%) was markedly higher than the U.S. rate (2.6%) during the 15-year period. The decomposition of the annual 2.7% (geometric) Japan–U.S. inflation rate gap (real exchange rate appreciation of the Japanese yen) reveals that the Balassa–Samuelson effect accounted for 0.7%; most of the real exchange rate appreciation (1.7%) was attributed to greater price increases in Japan's tradables. Although Japan's tradable sector achieved high TFP growth, the joint effect of the tradable–nontradable TFP growth difference between the two economies was too small to generate a sizable Balassa–Samuelson effect. Japan's example may suggest that even in rapidly growing economies, the magnitude of the effect in long-run real exchange rate appreciation is generally modest.     

Net foreign assets and macroeconomic volatility

This study analyses the co-movements of net foreign asset accumulation, consumption, real exchange rate, and real interest rate in a cross section of countries. Our sample covers both industrial and developing economies, spanning 1981–2010 period. We find that the accumulation of net foreign assets is associated with increasing consumption and real exchange rate appreciation. In a cross section of countries, when a country increases its net foreign assets to GDP ratio by a one-standard deviation, consumption to GDP increases by 0.02% per year and real exchange rate appreciates by 2% per year. Consumption to GDP responds more positively to net foreign asset accumulation in G7 countries, +0.1 to +0.2% per year, while the response is smaller and negative in developing countries reporting a −0.02% per year. The real exchange rate appreciation, however, is about +3% per year in developing countries and only about +0.2% per year in OECD countries.     

Longevity,Fertility, and the Real Exchange Rate

We build a simple overlapping generation model to investigate the effect of life expectancy on the real exchange rate where fertility is chosen endogenously. The model reveals that, although the overall effect of life expectancy on the real exchange rate is not certain, longer life expectancy tends to cause the real exchange rate to depreciate by reducing fertility. Fertility thus serves as a mediator in the effect of life expectancy on the real exchange rate. Evidence from 148 economies (1980–2018) shows a statistically significant and robust negative relationship between life expectancy and the real exchange rate. It is estimated that a 1 year increase in life expectancy is associated with a 1.5 percent depreciation in the real exchange rate. The evidence also confirms the mediated effect of fertility. The mediated effect that fertility exerts accounts for 30 percent to 50 percent of the total effect, depending on the real exchange rate index used.     

How does real exchange rate influence labour productivity in China?

Since China's transition to a market economy, the labour productivity growth has been dramatically rapid, in particular since 1994. This speeding up has been accompanied by the reverse of the exchange rate policy of China, which has strongly depreciated its currency before 1994, and then either appreciated or stabilized it. The theoretical arguments suggesting several kinds of real exchange rate impact on labour productivity are developed. An econometric model is then proposed and estimated, using panel data for the twenty-nine Chinese provinces and for the period from 1986 to 2007. The econometric results show that the appreciation of the real exchange rate had a favourable effect on the labour productivity growth, leading to a kind of virtuous circle: the real appreciation of the currency boosts the growth of labour productivity while, according to the Balassa–Samuelson effect, productivity growth tends to push up the real appreciation. Moreover, this favourable effect is stronger in inland provinces than in coastal provinces, contributing to a minimizing of the gap between inland and coastal provinces.     

人民币汇率的长短期影响因素对比分析和汇率波动主导因素界定

论文采用2000-2013年间的月度数据,构建了马尔科夫区制转换模型,在此基础上研究了人民币汇率的长短期影响因素,实证结果显示,短期影响因素中国内通货膨胀、国际市场利率和国内利率的一个正向冲击在10个月的反应期内能造成人民币汇率升值或贬值的累积值分别达到约0．75、0．35和0．9。长期影响因素中贸易条件、货币供给和外汇储备的一个正向冲击在30个月的反应期内能造成了人民币汇率升值或贬值的累积值分别达到约5．5、5．5和16。然后结合模型区制间转换累积脉冲响应和模型区制时间分布可以确定我国某一时期汇率变动的主导因素。分析发现,2007年5月-2008年4月这一时期我国汇率升值变动主要由短期因素决定,2011年3月-2012年1月这一时期我国汇率升值变动却主要由长期因素决定,说明我国不同时期汇率变动趋势决定因素可能不一致。     

汇率升值对就业影响的中日比较

关于就业问题,以往的研究主要从就业总量与就业结构两个角度进行探讨,本文对就业结构的研究进行了拓展,在实证研究中引入汇率,运用协整和误差修正模型对日中两国实际汇率与第三产业产值比重和就业比重之间的关系进行了国别比较。实证结果表明,从长期看日本第三产业就业比重上升与实际汇率升值正相关,而中国的相应变量间不存在类似长期关系。比较分析得出结论:只有在汇率适度浮动,资源在部门间流动壁垒减少这两个条件满足时,汇率升值才会产生资源配置作用,推动劳动向非贸易部门转移,逐步优化就业结构。     

Sources of time-varying trade balance and real exchange rate dynamics in East Asia

A sticky-price model with minimal assumptions for identification is used to motivate a time-varying model that allows for state dependent innovations to explore the trade balance dynamics of a group of East Asian economies. This paper shows that the correlation between the trade balance and the real exchange has historically been highly conditional on the type of macroeconomic shock. Permanent (transitory) shocks have historically produced a positive (negative) correlation between the trade balance and real exchange rate over the last 20 years. Second, since the Asian financial crisis the real exchange rate dynamics of the East Asian countries have been dominated by persistent component(s), while the dynamics of the trade balance have been more influenced by transitory factors.     

Dutch Disease Scare in Kazakhstan: Is it real?

In this paper we explore the evidence that would establish that Dutch disease is at work in, or poses a threat to, the Kazakh economy. Assessing the mechanism by which fluctuations in the price of oil can damage non-oil manufacturing—and thus long-term growth prospects in an economy that relies heavily on oil production—we find that non-oil manufacturing has so far been spared the perverse effects of oil price increases from 1996 to 2005. The real exchange rate in the open sector has appreciated over the last couple of years, largely due to the appreciation of the nominal exchange rate. We analyze to what extent this appreciation is linked to movements in oil prices and oil revenues. Econometric evidence from the monetary model of the exchange rate and a variety of real exchange rate models show that the rise in the price of oil and in oil revenues might be linked to an appreciation of the U.S. dollar exchange rate of the oil and non-oil sectors. But appreciation is mainly limited to the real effective exchange rate for oil sector and is statistically insignificant for non-oil manufacturing.

Can Renminbi Appreciation Reduce the US Trade Deficit？

I. Introduction The trade relationship between the USA and China has been contentious during the past several decades since China’s economic reforms in 1978. The trade relationship between the two countries has been strongly constrained and highly politically influenced. Figure 1 depicts US–China trade from 1994 to 2004. US imports from China have been far greaterthan US exports to China over the past 10 years, and the corresponding US trade deficits with China have become increasingl…     

The Impact of Capital Inflows on Asset Prices in Emerging Asian Economies: Is Too Much Money Chasing Too Little Good?

In recent years, emerging Asian economies have experienced (i) large capital inflows, especially a surge in portfolio inflows, and (ii) an appreciation of asset prices such as stocks, land, and nominal and real exchange rates. We empirically investigate the effects of capital inflows on asset prices by employing a panel VAR model. The empirical results suggest that capital inflows indeed have contributed to asset price appreciation in the region, although capital inflow shocks explain a relatively small part of asset price fluctuations.