我国现行税制中的重复征税现象及其政策建议——以所得税和增值税为例

我国2004年以来实行的新一轮税制改革,在一定程度上减轻了重复征税,但是重复征税现象仍然存在,特别是在公司利润、股息红利及捐赠方面重复征收的所得税,以及中间环节免税、混合销售等重复征收的增值税的存在。重复征税违背了公平与效率原则,加大了企业财务风险,降低了社会资金利用率。为避免重复征税,所得税方面要对股息红利实行免税,实行"国内税收饶让"原则;增值税方面要简化税率,营业税改征增值税,调整小规模纳税人体系。     

股息重复征税研究的力作

股息重复征税,是指在公司所得税和个人所得税并立制度下,对自然人股东取得的来源于公司所得税后利润的股息收入,再征收一次个人所得税的行为.股息重复征税问题如何解决,学术界一直进行着研究和探索.《管理世界》2011年第5期发表的关华、潘明星的学术论文《我国股息重复征税及其减除》对该问题进行了深入剖析,提出了解决的建议,具有一定的理论意义和实践价值.其创新之处有如下几点: 一是明确界定了概念.公司所得税和个人所得税并存,必然引起对股息的重复征税:公司在实现利润环节首先要依法缴纳公司所得税.对所得税后利润,公司可将利润分配给股东.如果股东为自然人个人,还需将其取得的股息收入缴纳个人所得税,从而产生对同一税源的重复征税.     

国际重复征税原因分析

国际重复征税问题是国际税收中的一个严重而突出的问题,对国际经济交往的顺利进行存在不少负面影响,有违税收公平、公正的原则,加重跨国纳税人的税收负担,不利于各国经济的发展,其产生有着深刻的政治经济根源。国家主权是国际重复征税产生的政治基础;所得国际化是国际重复征税产生的经济基础;税收管辖权冲突是国际重复征税产生的法律基础和根本原因。     

海峡两岸消除经济性重复征税的比较及借鉴

我国大陆地区对企业和个人所得一贯实行的是独立课征制,这种课征制度存在经济性重复征税问题.而目前随着我国大陆地区民间投资的增长、股份制经济的壮大以及所得税地位的提高,经济性重复征税严重制约了大陆地区的税制优化和经济发展.其他许多国家和地区同样存在经济性重复征税问题,他们也致力于消除经济性重复征税的实践.其中,我国台湾地区在1998年把所得税独立课征制修正为两税合一制,在消除经济性重复征税问题上取得了一定的成效.值得大陆借鉴.     

开征物业税乃大势所趋

<正>现行房地产税收问题多首先,税费名目繁多,存在重复征税现象。目前在房地产开发、流通、保有环节中,主要税种有耕地占用税、营业税、城市维护建设税、城镇土地使用税、印花税、契税、土地增值税、所得税等十多种收费多     

浅论助推云南省小微企业健康发展的税收政策

本论文以云南省为例。主要立足于云南省小微企业目前的税收问题这个论点，通过对阅读专家们关于小微企业税制观点的理解分析，不仅从优惠政策的标准、力度、征收办法和重复征税来论述小微企业在所得税方面的一些问题，而且还对印花税等其他税来进行阐述，并且查阅大量的税收优惠政策，最后提出了自已的看法。     

我国现行证券税制存在的问题

一、对证券投资所得重复征税。1.对已分配利润重复征税。《中华人民共和国企业所得税暂行条例》规定,企业不允许从应税利润中扣除向股东支付的股息。同时,《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》中规定,个人取得的股息、红利和利息所得,除国债和国家发行的金融债券的利息外,应当依法缴纳20%的个人所得税。这样,在我国,一笔利润先要缴纳33%的企业所得税,然后公司用税后利润进行分红派息时,这部分股息和红利还要缴纳20%的个人所得税。如果这部分税后利润分配到法人股东手中,可以享受境内投资收益的税收抵免,不会发生重复征税。但是如果这部分利润分配…     

简论一人有限公司所得税问题

公司法确立了一人有限公司制度,允许一个自然人投资设立有限公司,并确立了公司法人否认制度。现行所得税法对自然人一人有限公司,同时征收企业所得税和个人所得税的双重所得税征收制度设计,有悖于税收公平和实质课税原则。建议对所得税法进行必要的修改,消除对一人有限公司的重复征税问题,以促进中小企业的发展。     

以改革税制结构推动我国城市经济发展

1.调整税制结构。调整直接税和间接税的比例,逐步加大直接税在税收总额中的比重。使所得税的功能、作用和地位得到充分发挥,逐步建立我国以流转税和所得税为双主体的税制结构。2.税种、税基与税率改革。(1)增值税:扩大征税范围,尽快实行消费型增值税,彻底解决重复征税和因资本有机构成不同而引起的税负失衡问题,使国内产品真正以无税成本进入国际市场,参与公平竞争。(2)消费税:调整消费税的征税范围,非消费品和普通消费品应停止征税;提高能源、水资源等资源性消费品、环境高耗消费品、奢侈消费品、高档消费品的税率;改价内税为价外税,由生产…     

电子商务税收问题研究

一、对电子商务是否征税的分歧 对电子商务征税还是免税,各国意见不一。一般来说,发达国家不主张征税,发展中国家则主张征税。 一种观点认为,发达国家坚持对电子商务交易不征税,因为这些国家实行以所得税为主体的税收制度,电子商务对其国家的税收流失较少,相反还有利于这些国家向别国推销电子产品。     

Fair Income Tax

In a model where agents have unequal skills and heterogeneous preferences over consumption and leisure, we look for the optimal tax on the basis of efficiency and fairness principles and under incentive-compatibility constraints. The fairness principles considered here are: (1) a weak version of the Pigou–Dalton transfer principle; (2) a condition precluding redistribution when all agents have the same skills. With such principles we construct and justify specific social preferences and derive a simple criterion for the evaluation of income tax schedules. Namely, the lower the greatest average tax rate over the range of low incomes, the better. We show that, as a consequence, the optimal tax should give the greatest subsidies to the working poor (the agents having the lowest skill and choosing the largest labour time).     

Replacing Corporate Income Tax with a Cash Flow Tax

We design a parsimonious cash flow tax for Australia and estimate revenue effects. It allows immediate deduction of all capital expenditures, denies deductions of interest payments, and compensates negative cash flows at the same rate and time as it taxes positive cash flows. It allows taxpayer timing choice on implementation over 10 years. It has incentive effects comparable to lowering the corporate income tax rate to zero. It removes distortions that artificially favour debt over equity, short- over long-term investments, rents over competitive returns, large, established over small and new businesses, and conventional over innovative investments. It closes international tax evasion loopholes. Its spur to investment and timing of revenue impacts favours implementation in recession.     

个人所得税收入结构和税负弹性的变化趋势与优化建议

税收弹性反映税收增长对收入增长的灵敏性,而税负弹性则反映税负变动对应税收收入变动的灵敏性,增收不一定增加税负。对2004~2016年我国个人所得税收入统计数据分析发现,个人所得税收入总体变化稳定,工资薪金所得在历年个人所得税收入中占比都较高。但各应税项目的结构性收入、税收负担及税负弹性变化不一,工资性收入、经营性收入和财产性收入的税负灵敏度差异明显。我国正逐步完善个人所得税制度,应进一步优化简并分类,实现"综合"与"分类"结合计征,规范税前减除标准和范围,调整并优化税率,完善个人收入与财产税源信息监管。     

Asymptotic Marginal Tax Rate of Individual Income Tax in China

This paper examines the asymptotic marginal rate of individual income tax which maximizes China's social welfare through numerical simulation based on the elasticity of China's labor supply, income distribution and the social objectives of redistribution in accordance with the optimal direct taxation theory. Taking advantage of the optimal direct taxation model with consideration of the income effect, it comes to the conclusion that combined with China's reality, the asymptotic marginal rate of individual labor income tax in China should be between 35% and 40%.     

含有负所得税的最优所得税再研究

文章在借鉴已有最优线性和非线性所得税研究成果基础上,结合中国国情提出含有负所得税的最优非线性所得税模型(有缓冲地带),即修正的Mirrlees税收函数,进而得出一些与以往研究不同的结论,从而进一步发展和充实了最优所得税理论。这对于在目前我国日益扩大的收入分配差距尚未根本性扭转的背景下重新审视我国现有的税收政策,通过实施负所得税制度重构收入分配政策具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

个税改革、收入不平等与社会福利

2005年以来,历次中国个税改革均以提高免征额和调整税率表为主要内容,上述改革措施的分配效应一直存在争议.文章通过建立一个能体现个税累进性与税负归宿的新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型,分解并模拟了提高免征额和增加税率累进幅度所导致的分配效应.结果表明:(1)提高免征额扩大了税前收入不平等的波动,恶化了宽松货币政策等外生冲击下的初次分配.此外,免征额的提高削弱了累进税率对收入初次分配的调节能力.(2)在就业扩张过程中,提高免征额所带来的税负归宿变化改善了税后收入不平等,而且在免征额提升后,税率累进幅度的提高能进一步改善收入再分配.当然,个税改革的初次分配效应和再分配效应均具有状态依存特征,在就业与劳动收入下降时会带来相反的分配效应.(3)提高免征额会导致更大的福利损失,并削弱累进税率对福利损失的抑制作用.     

Efficient Migration and Income Tax Competition

This paper examines the consequence of the brain drain for the income tax systems of the source and destination countries for the migration, if the two countries' policies are set noncooperatively by self–interested voters. It is assumed that the brain drain does increase the value of world output: workers with the highest income–earning ability are assumed to be more productive in one country than in another. There are costs to migration of these high–ability workers, costs that are less than the gain in the value of their production. However, for lower–ability workers, the gains in production in moving from the low–productivity country to the high–productivity country are assumed to be less than the migration costs. Voters in the high–productivity country want to capture rents from migrants. These voters are aware of the influence their tax policy has on people's migration decisions. Voters in the low–productivity country also behave strategically. I solve for the Nash equilibrium income tax rates. Increased mobility of highly skilled workers cannot decrease, and may increase, progressivity in the income tax system of the destination country, if migration actually occurs. Finally, the effects of transfers between countries on their income tax systems are examined. Redistribution between countries tends to lead to less redistribution within countries. If transfers between countries are set by a vote of all residents of both countries, then the transfer chosen will be the one that leads to the least progressive tax possible being chosen in each country.     

个人收入分配的税收调控

收入差距的扩大已成为影响我国社会稳定和经济发展的重大问题之一，成为中国经济理论界极其关注的热点。     

Recent Changes in Personal Income Tax

The amendments to the Australian system of personal income tax effected in the 1975–76 budget and in the measures announced by the Treasurer on 20 May constitute the first major change in the system since 1950. The legislation of that year established a structure of tax rates and concessional deductions which remained substantially unaltered for 25 years. During that period, the shape and impact of the personal income tax was affected more by inflation than by legislative change, most of which was concerned either with closing loopholes or with monetary adjustments consequent on inflation.