我国股份制银行公司治理的现实困境和对策选择

我国股份制商业银行公司治理处在“形具而实不至”的现实困境中。公司治理法规和产权结构中的缺陷导致了公司内部治理机制中的缺陷。“股东至上主义”思想导致的融资结构和公司治理结构设置的冲突，削弱了债权人对管理层监控的动力和能力。与此同时，公司控制权等市场发育滞后制约着外部治理机制作用的发挥。因而．协调推进内外部治理机制的建设，形成综合性治理模式是我国股份制银行公司治理的目标选择。     

基于保险业特殊性的公司治理风险生成机理研究

2005年．国际保险监督官协会（IAIS）将公司治理监管确立为保险监管的三大体系之一。紧接着，2006年中国保监会发布《关于规范保险公司治理结构的指导意见（试行）》。正式确立市场行为、偿付能力和公司治理“三支柱”的现代保险监管体系。经过十多年的建设与发展，我国保险业公司治理在制度上取得了长足的进步，但近来多家中小保险公司出现公司治理缺陷导致偿付能力骤降的情况，保险业治理风险突出，这是由于保险业本身的特殊性和治理制度缺陷共同导致的。     

从社会文化视角看公司治理模式的选择

各个国家的社会环境和民族文化各有不同，公司治理模式也多种多样。社会文化的差异性主要地导致了公司治理模式的多样性。本文从荷兰学者霍夫斯特德关于文化的研究出发，分析了英关、德日、东南亚公司治理模式与社会文化的关联，再以美国为例具体分析了美国公司治理模式的社会环境和民族文化根源，并对公司治理模式的选择提出了新的启示。     

新资本协议助力银行业公司治理迈上新台阶

随着时间的推移，业界对公司治理的认识和理解逐步深化，最初的学术概念已演变为当前银行和企业改革实践的核心内容。公司治理薄弱给全球带来的教训是沉痛的。1997年亚洲金融危机的深入研究表明，公司治理存在严重缺陷是导致东亚金融危机的重要因素之一，而近年来美国和欧洲发生的一系列公司丑闻也再次凸显了公司治理的重要性。     

上市公司外部审计制度变革：基于公司治理的思考

公司治理与外部审计制度密不可分。当前，上市公司治理结构的不完善，是导致外部审计制度的固有缺陷，造成审计质量低下的重要原因。本文从上市公司外部审计制度与公司治理的关系出发，以公司治理角度对现行外部审计制度进行分析，提出公司治理决定了审计制度，审计制度对公司治理又会起到积极作用，健全的审计制度可以促进公司治理的完善的观点。鉴于上市公司治理的现实状况。本文提出以监事会为中心、以董事会为中心与以独立董事为中心的三种外部审计制度模式。以期重新构建上市公司内部治理框架．提高审计机制运行效率．     

我国商业银行公司治理模式选择

公司治理起因于产权的分离，治理的功能是权、责、利的分配，治理模式有效率的前提是剩余索取权与剩余控制权的对称分布。“股东至上主义”逻辑和利益相关者理论作为公司治理的思想源流，分别导致了两种不同的治理模式：股东单边治理模式和利益相关者共同治理模式。比较分析这两种模式，我国商业银行应当选择利益相关者共同治理模式。     

关于公司治理的若干问题

本文认为传统的公司治理在治理目标、治理方式、外部治理与内部治理的协调以及激励与约束的关系上仍然存在一定的缺陷,这些缺陷是导致公司治理仍然不能十分有效的根本原因。针对这些缺陷提出了进一步完善公司治理和提高公司治理效率的思路。     

公司治理与风险管理:基于治理风险视角的分析

本文从公司治理和风险管理的关系入手,通过引入强制性和自主性治理的观点,在界定治理收益、治理成本等核心概念的基础上,从公司治理整体的角度定义了治理风险。我们认为由于强制性的治理要求超过了公司自身最优水平,导致治理收益小于治理成本,从而引发治理风险的累积。同时治理风险也与法律环境有直接关系,越是强制性的法律越容易导致治理风险的发生和累积,但超越强制性治理的自主性治理不仅会避免治理风险的发生,而且能给公司带来更多的治理收益。     

公司治理的我国上市公司资本结构研究

企业的生存和发展离不开资本，资本筹集是企业生产经营正常运行的关键环节。资本的筹集不仅满足了企业生存和发展的需要，它还体现了资本所有者与企业经营者之间、资本所有者与企业之间以及不同资本所有者之间的关系。这种关系直接构成了公司治理的核心内容，即企业的资本筹集与公司治理之间有着天然的联系。不同的融资结构决定了不同的公司治理模式及其效率，融资结构的变化会直接导致公司治理的变化。本文仅从融资结构的一部分——资本结构与公司治理之间的关联性入手，分析我国上市公司资本结构的现状，并自此基础上提出相应的对策。     

从会计造假现象透析公司治理的制度性缺陷

近年来，我国企业尤其是上市公司的会计造假案频发，虚假会计信息泛滥，有数十家上市公司屡教不改。出现这种现象的根源何在？对于会计造假现象，我们也许可以找出若干条原因，但事实证明了这样一个道理，即：不完善的公司治理是所有问题的重要根源，有缺陷的公司治理无法保证会计信息的高质量。从这个意义上来说，我国公司治理存在的制度性缺陷是导致会计造假的根源。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…